CAJ | 학술논문

为给冬小麦超高产栽培中氮肥合理运筹提供参考依据,于2007-2008年在河南温县、兰考两试验点,以两个具有超高产潜力的冬小麦品种豫麦49和兰考矮早八为供试材料,在全生育期施氮0、90、180、270 和360 kg N ·hm~(-2)(底施和拔节期追施各半)的条件下,研究了施氮量对冬小麦光合特性、干物质积累和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,两试验点施氮量180和270 kg·hm~(-2)处理的籽粒产量均达到了每公顷9 000 kg以上的水平,高于其他施氮处理,与不施氮和90 kg N ·hm~(-2)处理间差异均达显著水平.进一步分析发现,与其他处理相比,180和270 kg·hm~(-2)处理提高了两个小麦品种开花后旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,进而增加了花后干物质积累量.两试验点的施氮处理对大穗型品种兰考矮早八成穗数影响不显著,而施氮量180和270 kg·hm~(-2)处理显著提高了多穗型品种豫麦49的成穗数;两品种穗粒数和粒重均表现为不施氮和90 kg N ·hm~(-2)处理显著低于适宜施氮量(180和270 kg N ·hm~(-2))处理.两品种在两试验点获得最高产量的施氮量不同,豫麦49和兰考矮早八分别在270和180 kg·hm~(-2)获得最高产量.由此可见,在本试验条件下,两个品种在施氮量180～270 kg·hm~(-2)、基施和拔节期比例5:5条件下,在稳定足够穗数的基础上,增加穗粒数,促进花后物质积累量,提高粒重,可实现超高产.
위급동소맥초고산재배중담비합리운주제공삼고의거,우2007-2008년재하남온현、란고량시험점,이량개구유초고산잠력적동소맥품충예맥49화란고왜조팔위공시재료,재전생육기시담0、90、180、270 화360 kg N ·hm~(-2)(저시화발절기추시각반)적조건하,연구료시담량대동소맥광합특성、간물질적루화자립산량적영향.결과표명,량시험점시담량180화270 kg·hm~(-2)처리적자립산량균체도료매공경9 000 kg이상적수평,고우기타시담처리,여불시담화90 kg N ·hm~(-2)처리간차이균체현저수평.진일보분석발현,여기타처리상비,180화270 kg·hm~(-2)처리제고료량개소맥품충개화후기협광합속솔화SPAD치,진이증가료화후간물질적루량.량시험점적시담처리대대수형품충란고왜조팔성수수영향불현저,이시담량180화270 kg·hm~(-2)처리현저제고료다수형품충예맥49적성수수;량품충수립수화립중균표현위불시담화90 kg N ·hm~(-2)처리현저저우괄의시담량(180화270 kg N ·hm~(-2))처리.량품충재량시험점획득최고산량적시담량불동,예맥49화란고왜조팔분별재270화180 kg·hm~(-2)획득최고산량.유차가견,재본시험조건하,량개품충재시담량180～270 kg·hm~(-2)、기시화발절기비례5:5조건하,재은정족구수수적기출상,증가수립수,촉진화후물질적루량,제고립중,가실현초고산.
Photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation (DMA) are important traits that influence biological yield and ultimate grain yield in wheat. These traits are quantitatively inherited and are greatly influenced by environment, and about more than 60% of assimilates in grain are derived from post-anthesis assimilates. Nitrogen fertilizer could effectively regulate the accumulation of carbohydrate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Effects of nitrogen (N) application rate on photosynthetic characteristics, DMA after anthesis and grain yield of winter wheat were studied in the field experiment with two type cultivars (Yumai 49 and Lankao Aizao 8) and five N rates (0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg N·hm~(-2)) at two sites(Wen county and Lankao county) of Henan ratio as basal feitilizer at seeding time and top-dressing at jointing stage. Results indicated that the proper N rates(180～270 kg N·hm~(-2)) could improve leaf's SPAD value and photosynthetic rate after anthesis of both wheat cultivars at two sites, and final grain yield was above 9 000 kg per hactare. In addition, there were differences of the yield components in different N application rates. Comparing with no N treament, N application markedly increased spike numbers with highest values of Yumai 49 with 270 kg N·hm~(-2) and Lankao Aizao 8 with 180 kg N·hm~(-2) at two sites. Differences between N application rates of achieving the highest grain yield in both wheat cultuvars also indicated differences of N use efficiency between two genotype cultivars. On the whole, the proper N and jointing stage played an important role in increasing dry matter production after anthesis, spike grain numbers and grain weight, and finally achieved the super high yield of winter wheat at two sites.