中国北方"第四纪(或亚代)"环境变化与大哺乳动物演化
중국북방"제사기(혹아대)"배경변화여대포유동물연화
QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND EVOLUTION OF LARGE MAMMALS IN NORTH CHINA
  • 万方数据
    古脊椎动物学报 고척추동물학보
    VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA
    2006年 2期 109-132 ,共24页

    邱占祥

    구점상

    中国北方%"第四纪"%大哺乳动物%古环境 中國北方%"第四紀"%大哺乳動物%古環境
    중국북방%"제사기"%대포유동물%고배경
    North China%Quaternary%large mammals%paleoenvironmentAcknowledgements Thanks are given to Prof. Deng Tao for his help in preparation of the fig-ures
    地质年表2004的筹备和发表使关于"第四纪"概念、时限、阶元的讨论达到了高潮.目前的情势是,其下限下移至～2.6 Ma几乎已成定局;其阶元究竟是"纪"还是"亚代"正在表决中(初步表决倾向于后者).这样一来,"第四纪"就包括以海相地层为基础建立的晚上薪世、更新世及全新世三大部分.中国北方"第四纪"大哺乳动物的研究已有很长的历史.现在应该根据新的情势重新审视其演化的阶段性及其与～2.6 Ma以来环境变化之间的关系.对环境变化和大哺乳动物化石已有资料的分析表明:1)～2.6 Ma是北极冰盖大规模扩大,季风气候急剧加强,黄土开始在中国北方大面积沉积,哺乳动物群发生重大变化的时期.大量三趾马动物群特有的成员在此之前灭绝.2)～2.6至1.3 Ma是古老"第四纪"类型繁盛的时期.真马(Equus)和巨颏虎(Megantereon)从北美经过白令陆桥进入欧亚;一大批欧亚大陆起源的新属出现,如Eirictis,Meles,Crocuta,Coelodonta,Eucladoceros,Elaphurus,Leptobos等.这一时期后期的气候,从黄土粒度曲线变化幅度普遍较小判断,应该相对比较稳定,较为温和.3)1.3～0.13 Ma为中华大角鹿(Sinomegaceros)异常繁盛的时期.一大批以周口店动物群为代表的典型中更新世的种类出现,如与狼接近的变异狼、中国硕鬣狗、意外巨颏虎、基什贝尔格犀等.这一时期之初有相当数量的东洋界分子越过秦岭进入中国北方的南部,如大熊猫、东方剑齿象、巨貘、毛冠鹿、鬣羚等.这一时期的气候起伏大,有明显逐渐变冷的趋势.从黄土粒度曲线看,至少有3次明显的冷期和一次较长的暖期(L15,L9,L2和S5).因此,这一阶段是可以再分的,但这需要对哺乳动物化石和动物群的年代进行更为深入的研究.4)0.13～0.011 Ma出现大量现生种,如普氏野马、野驴、野猪、盘羊等;一些晚更新世特征的类型出现,如猛犸象、原始牛和具有奇特角枝的中华大角鹿等;在东北还出现了驼鹿化石.这一时期的气候波动不大,相对较温和.哺乳动物群所反映的特点应该是适应于寒冷气候的动物在较温和的气候条件下的辐射适应与新生现生种类的混合.5)0.011 Ma～现代,适应于寒冷气候的特殊类型,如猛犸象、披毛犀等灭绝.上述4个哺乳动物演化阶段自下至上可以NCMQ1～4代表之.其中NCMQ1-2之间的界限与现在"第四纪"所包含的晚上新世-早更新世及早-中更新世的界限(1.8 Ma和0.78Ma)并不一致.这种划分和北美及欧洲的哺乳动物分期都比较接近.北美的Blancan和Irv-ingtonian的分界约为1.35 Ma;而欧洲维拉方期的顶界也在1.1～1.4 Ma之间.NCMQ3和NCMQ4则与晚更新世及全新世相对应.
    지질년표2004적주비화발표사관우"제사기"개념、시한、계원적토론체도료고조.목전적정세시,기하한하이지～2.6 Ma궤호이성정국;기계원구경시"기"환시"아대"정재표결중(초보표결경향우후자).저양일래,"제사기"취포괄이해상지층위기출건립적만상신세、경신세급전신세삼대부분.중국북방"제사기"대포유동물적연구이유흔장적역사.현재응해근거신적정세중신심시기연화적계단성급기여～2.6 Ma이래배경변화지간적관계.대배경변화화대포유동물화석이유자료적분석표명:1)～2.6 Ma시북겁빙개대규모확대,계풍기후급극가강,황토개시재중국북방대면적침적,포유동물군발생중대변화적시기.대량삼지마동물군특유적성원재차지전멸절.2)～2.6지1.3 Ma시고로"제사기"류형번성적시기.진마(Equus)화거해호(Megantereon)종북미경과백령륙교진입구아;일대비구아대륙기원적신속출현,여Eirictis,Meles,Crocuta,Coelodonta,Eucladoceros,Elaphurus,Leptobos등.저일시기후기적기후,종황토립도곡선변화폭도보편교소판단,응해상대비교은정,교위온화.3)1.3～0.13 Ma위중화대각록(Sinomegaceros)이상번성적시기.일대비이주구점동물군위대표적전형중경신세적충류출현,여여랑접근적변이랑、중국석렵구、의외거해호、기십패이격서등.저일시기지초유상당수량적동양계분자월과진령진입중국북방적남부,여대웅묘、동방검치상、거맥、모관록、렵령등.저일시기적기후기복대,유명현축점변랭적추세.종황토립도곡선간,지소유3차명현적랭기화일차교장적난기(L15,L9,L2화S5).인차,저일계단시가이재분적,단저수요대포유동물화석화동물군적년대진행경위심입적연구.4)0.13～0.011 Ma출현대량현생충,여보씨야마、야려、야저、반양등;일사만경신세특정적류형출현,여맹마상、원시우화구유기특각지적중화대각록등;재동북환출현료타록화석.저일시기적기후파동불대,상대교온화.포유동물군소반영적특점응해시괄응우한랭기후적동물재교온화적기후조건하적복사괄응여신생현생충류적혼합.5)0.011 Ma～현대,괄응우한랭기후적특수류형,여맹마상、피모서등멸절.상술4개포유동물연화계단자하지상가이NCMQ1～4대표지.기중NCMQ1-2지간적계한여현재"제사기"소포함적만상신세-조경신세급조-중경신세적계한(1.8 Ma화0.78Ma)병불일치.저충화분화북미급구주적포유동물분기도비교접근.북미적Blancan화Irv-ingtonian적분계약위1.35 Ma;이구주유랍방기적정계야재1.1～1.4 Ma지간.NCMQ3화NCMQ4칙여만경신세급전신세상대응.
    Preparation and publication of GTS 2004 led the discussion on the concept, time duration and rank of the "Quaternary" to a new height. Pending the final ratification, it seems almost certain that its lower boundary is to be lowered to ～ 2. 6 Ma, but its rank as Period or Sub-Era remains to be decided. At any rate, the "Quaternary" will encompass 3 major units: the Late Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene, which are chiefly based on marine deposits. The "Quaternary" large mammals of North China has been extensively studied for a long time. Now it is advisable to review their evolution in light of the new perspective. Tentative analysis of the available paleoenvironmental data in conjunction with the evolutionary phases of the mammalian faunas shows the following: 1 ) ～ 2. 6 Ma is certainly a critical period, at least in North Asia, when a number of events concurred. These include the great expansion of the Arctic ice sheet, the beginning of large-scaled loess deposition induced by intensification of monsoon system, and the extinction of large numbers of typical Hipparion fauna by ～ 2. 6 Ma. 2) 2. 6 ～ 1.3 Ma is a period flourished with archaic types of "Quaternary" large mammals. As immigrants from North America, Equus and Megantereon entered Eurasia at the beginning of the period. Large numbers of typical "Quaternary" genera appeared, like Eirictis, Meles, Crocuta, Coelodonta, Eucladoceros, Elaphurus,Leptobos, etc. Climate of this period, especially its later half, was comparatively stable, rather mild in general, as shown in Ding et al. 's Chiloparts. 3 ) 1.3 ～0. 13 Ma is characterized by particular development of Sinomegaceros. Typical Middle Pleistocene species as typified by ZKD fauna appeared, like Canis variabilis , Pachycrocuta sinensis , Megantereon inexpectatus , Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis , etc. A peculiar aspect is the invasion of Oriental elements into the south part of the North China, like Ailuropoda, Stegodon orientalis, Megatapirus, Elaphodus, Capricornis, etc. , at the very beginning of this period. Climate of this period was highly variable, with at least 3 cold and one prolonged warm episodes (L15, L9, L2 and S5 in Chiloparts). Therefore, this period might be further subdivided when in-depth study is carried out in the future. 4) 0. 13 ～0. 011 Ma is characterized by a mixture of survived coldadapted forms with living species. Climate of this period was probably mild. Such a climatic condition might have caused the adaptive radiation of the survived cold-adapted forms, as exemplified by the bizarre-antlered giant deer. 5 ) 0. 011 Ma ～ Recent is equivalent to Holocene. Its mammalian fauna became modernized, with the final extinction of holdovers of the glacial period exemplified by mammoth and woolly rhinoceros.We suggest that the above 4 phases be designated from earliest to latest as NCMQ1 ～4. The NCMQ1 -2 boundary does not coincide with that of Plio-Pleistocene ( 1.8 Ma), neither with that of Early-Middle Pleistocene (0. 78 Ma). However, such a subdivision is rather close to the subdividions based on mammals currently adopted in North America and Europe. The Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary ( in NALMA) lies at ～ 1.35 Ma. The upper boundary of the European Villafranchian lies also between 1.4 ～1.1 Ma.
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