动物学报
動物學報
동물학보
ACTA ZOOLOGICA SINICA
2007年
3期
557-569
,共13页
王晓红%李锦和%乔莉%Heinz C. SCHR(O)DER%Carsten ECKERT%Klaus KROPF%王毅民%冯庆玲%Werner E.G. M(U)LLER
王曉紅%李錦和%喬莉%Heinz C. SCHR(O)DER%Carsten ECKERT%Klaus KROPF%王毅民%馮慶玲%Werner E.G. M(U)LLER
왕효홍%리금화%교리%Heinz C. SCHR(O)DER%Carsten ECKERT%Klaus KROPF%왕의민%풍경령%Werner E.G. M(U)LLER
海绵%中间单根海绵%春氏单根海绵%骨针%生物硅形成%光导%硅蛋白相关蛋白%纳米生物技术
海綿%中間單根海綿%春氏單根海綿%骨針%生物硅形成%光導%硅蛋白相關蛋白%納米生物技術
해면%중간단근해면%춘씨단근해면%골침%생물규형성%광도%규단백상관단백%납미생물기술
Sponges%Monorhaphis intermedia%Monorhaphis chuni%Spicules%Bio-silica formation%Light waveguide%Silicatein-related protein%Nano-biotechnology
在海绵动物(多孔动物)中,六放海绵和寻常海绵为硅质骨骼.生活在深海(1 000 m)中的六放海绵是最古老的海绵动物,其中间单根海绵和春氏单根海绵有长达3 m的骨针,是地球上最长的生物硅结构.利用电子显微技术观测, 这些直径达8 mm的巨大根须骨针具有同心层状结构,其横截面显示明显的构造分界:中间为含有轴丝的轴管,外围是一50-150 μm厚的轴筒,最外面为区状区(300-500层,每层厚度3-5 μm).生物化学研究显示其主要的蛋白质为35 kD大分子,另外,还检测到23-24 kD 多肽,可能是硅蛋白相关蛋白.依据现有的红血球凝聚活性,从骨针提取物中也检测到了凝集素.由电子探针获得其化学成分主要为Si,K和Na.此外,骨针的光传输实验表明,该巨大根须骨针用作光纤可传输600 nm至1 400 nm范围的光,而滤掉小于600 nm的光(类似高通滤波器)和大于1 400 nm 的红外光(类似低通滤波器).另外,从六放海绵的空囊泡沫海绵中分离出一个基因并确证了其推导的编码蛋白序列,该蛋白编码一个光裂合酶相关蛋白,蛋白相似性比较结果显示属于光裂合酶相关蛋白中多细胞动物隐色素一类.基于以上数据给出了六放海绵硅质骨针形成的示意图.另外,由单根海绵骨针可作为波导传输光/电和/或化学信号,推断在海绵动物中有类似神经系统的网络系统[动物学报 53(3):557-569,2007].
在海綿動物(多孔動物)中,六放海綿和尋常海綿為硅質骨骼.生活在深海(1 000 m)中的六放海綿是最古老的海綿動物,其中間單根海綿和春氏單根海綿有長達3 m的骨針,是地毬上最長的生物硅結構.利用電子顯微技術觀測, 這些直徑達8 mm的巨大根鬚骨針具有同心層狀結構,其橫截麵顯示明顯的構造分界:中間為含有軸絲的軸管,外圍是一50-150 μm厚的軸筒,最外麵為區狀區(300-500層,每層厚度3-5 μm).生物化學研究顯示其主要的蛋白質為35 kD大分子,另外,還檢測到23-24 kD 多肽,可能是硅蛋白相關蛋白.依據現有的紅血毬凝聚活性,從骨針提取物中也檢測到瞭凝集素.由電子探針穫得其化學成分主要為Si,K和Na.此外,骨針的光傳輸實驗錶明,該巨大根鬚骨針用作光纖可傳輸600 nm至1 400 nm範圍的光,而濾掉小于600 nm的光(類似高通濾波器)和大于1 400 nm 的紅外光(類似低通濾波器).另外,從六放海綿的空囊泡沫海綿中分離齣一箇基因併確證瞭其推導的編碼蛋白序列,該蛋白編碼一箇光裂閤酶相關蛋白,蛋白相似性比較結果顯示屬于光裂閤酶相關蛋白中多細胞動物隱色素一類.基于以上數據給齣瞭六放海綿硅質骨針形成的示意圖.另外,由單根海綿骨針可作為波導傳輸光/電和/或化學信號,推斷在海綿動物中有類似神經繫統的網絡繫統[動物學報 53(3):557-569,2007].
재해면동물(다공동물)중,륙방해면화심상해면위규질골격.생활재심해(1 000 m)중적륙방해면시최고로적해면동물,기중간단근해면화춘씨단근해면유장체3 m적골침,시지구상최장적생물규결구.이용전자현미기술관측, 저사직경체8 mm적거대근수골침구유동심층상결구,기횡절면현시명현적구조분계:중간위함유축사적축관,외위시일50-150 μm후적축통,최외면위구상구(300-500층,매층후도3-5 μm).생물화학연구현시기주요적단백질위35 kD대분자,령외,환검측도23-24 kD 다태,가능시규단백상관단백.의거현유적홍혈구응취활성,종골침제취물중야검측도료응집소.유전자탐침획득기화학성분주요위Si,K화Na.차외,골침적광전수실험표명,해거대근수골침용작광섬가전수600 nm지1 400 nm범위적광,이려도소우600 nm적광(유사고통려파기)화대우1 400 nm 적홍외광(유사저통려파기).령외,종륙방해면적공낭포말해면중분리출일개기인병학증료기추도적편마단백서렬,해단백편마일개광렬합매상관단백,단백상사성비교결과현시속우광렬합매상관단백중다세포동물은색소일류.기우이상수거급출료륙방해면규질골침형성적시의도.령외,유단근해면골침가작위파도전수광/전화/혹화학신호,추단재해면동물중유유사신경계통적망락계통[동물학보 53(3):557-569,2007].
Two classes of sponges (phylum Porifera) are characterized by a siliceous skeleton, the Hexactinellida and the Demospongiae. The phylogenetically oldest sponge taxon, the Hexactinellida, lives in the deep-sea (1 000 m). The species Monorhaphis intermedia and Monorhaphis chuni, comprise with their 3 m long spicules the longest bio-silica structures on earth. These giant basal spicules have been analyzed by electron microscopical techniques. All spicules have a concentric lamellar organization. Cross sections through the spicules show a structural division of the spicules: in the center is an axial canal which harbors the axial filament; around this canal an axial cylinder of 50 to 150 μm width can be distinguished; and finally the lamellar region (300 to 500 lamellae; size between 3 and 5 μm). Biochemical studies revealed that the dominant protein in the spicules is a 35 kDa large molecule; in addition, a 23-24 kDa polypeptide, which is possibly silicatein-related, can be identified. Electron microprobe analysis revealed that three main elements compose the spicules: silicon, potassium and sodium. Furthermore, the giant basal spicules have been used as a waveguide for light within the spectral range 600 nm and 1 400 nm. Light transmission studies revealed that the spicules act as optical fibers (like a high pass filter) cutting off the light of wavelengths below about 600 nm; a similar cut-off of the spicule is observed in the infrared wavelength range above 1 400 nm. Finally the gene encoding a photolyase-related protein from the hexactinellid Aphrocallistes vastus is described. Sequence similarity studies suggested that the protein can be subdivided to the photolyase-related proteins which comprise also the metazoan cryptochromes. Based on these data a schematic outline of the formation of the siliceous spicules of hexactinellids is given; in addition, it is proposed that in Monorhaphis the spicules act as waveguides for the transmission of light/electrical and/or chemical signals, thus providing these animals with a neuronal-like network system[Acta Zoologica Sinica 53(3):557-569,2007].
