CAJ | 학술논문

岩质滑坡发生时间的适时超前预报是一个世界性难题,之所以长期不得其解,主要是缺乏对滑坡成生机理的明晰认识和未建立正确的量化模型.本文根据我国长江三峡工程库岸和两南山区积累的大量滑坡实例调查资料并参考国内外的一些研究成果,排除了地形控制论与地层控制论观点,阐明了滑坡形成的必要条件是斜坡具有易滑结构;滑坡发生的充分条件是有一定强度的诱发因素作用.故而诱发因素的动态变化对滑坡发生的时间具决定意义.鉴于地下水诱发的岩质滑坡分布最广,为建立正确的水力启动模型,本文归纳了近代典型岩质滑坡的主要特征:(1)滑面是导水性差异最大的贯通面;(2)滑体长度大而厚度小,长厚比多在20左右;(3)滑坡前缘段先启动;(4)临滑前在前缘段有渗水、冒水或喷水现象;(5)出水宽度之和远小于前缘段总宽度.根据这些特征和水力学、水文地质学的成熟理论指出Jennings (1970)等人提出的岩质斜坡稳定性模型存在下列问题:(1)未表明贯通面上岩体重力分布状况;(2)空隙水压力的分布特征与前述滑坡现象和水力学原理相悖;(3)未考虑通水率问题.然后,本文按顺向坡中的易滑超倾坡和椅状坡两个类型建立了斜坡稳定性模型和滑坡水力启动临界值(基本)计算公式.提出潜滑面的综合内摩擦角和通水率的确定方法:(1)滑坡反算;(2)对无水压滑坡滑面倾角和渗水边坡通水率进行观测统计;(3)剪切试验和简易水文地质试验;(4)物探方法.
암질활파발생시간적괄시초전예보시일개세계성난제,지소이장기불득기해,주요시결핍대활파성생궤리적명석인식화미건립정학적양화모형.본문근거아국장강삼협공정고안화량남산구적루적대량활파실례조사자료병삼고국내외적일사연구성과,배제료지형공제론여지층공제론관점,천명료활파형성적필요조건시사파구유역활결구;활파발생적충분조건시유일정강도적유발인소작용.고이유발인소적동태변화대활파발생적시간구결정의의.감우지하수유발적암질활파분포최엄,위건립정학적수력계동모형,본문귀납료근대전형암질활파적주요특정:(1)활면시도수성차이최대적관통면;(2)활체장도대이후도소,장후비다재20좌우;(3)활파전연단선계동;(4)림활전재전연단유삼수、모수혹분수현상;(5)출수관도지화원소우전연단총관도.근거저사특정화수역학、수문지질학적성숙이론지출Jennings (1970)등인제출적암질사파은정성모형존재하렬문제:(1)미표명관통면상암체중력분포상황;(2)공극수압력적분포특정여전술활파현상화수역학원리상패;(3)미고필통수솔문제.연후,본문안순향파중적역활초경파화의상파량개류형건립료사파은정성모형화활파수력계동림계치(기본)계산공식.제출잠활면적종합내마찰각화통수솔적학정방법:(1)활파반산;(2)대무수압활파활면경각화삼수변파통수솔진행관측통계;(3)전절시험화간역수문지질시험;(4)물탐방법.
The paper attempts to address a worldwide difficult problem.This problem is how to predict the time of happening landslide.There is no solution yet because of the lack of clear recognition of mechanism about landside and no correct quantitative model to be set up.Accordingly,this paper is based on the geological condition,land-shde examples,and external data at the Three Gorge project's bank slopes and southwest mountains,as well as ex-periences aboard.It demonstrates the necessary and full condition of landslide happening.So,this paper eliminates the terrain control theory and stratigraphic control theory for causing landslide.The paper elucidated that the neces-sary conditions of landslide is a slope that has easily slipping structure and the full conditions of landslide is the effect of inducing factors.So the dynamic variation of inducing factors is decisive for the time of happening land-slideWhereas rock-landslides are the most widely distributed.They are induced by underground water.In order to set up a correct water-starting model-the paper sums up the recent theories of typical rock landslide characters as fol-lows:(1)The sliding face is the through penetrative discontinuities with the most difference of water transmissibili-ty;(2)The landslide body's length is bigger than its thickness.The ration of the length to the thickness is about 20;(3)The front of landslide is starting early;(4)There is the phenomena of water seepage or water sprinkling in the front of slope body before the occurrence of sliding;(5)The sum of effluent water width on the slope is much smaller than the total width of the front of landslide body.Further more,the paper applies the hydraulics and hydrogeology theory to pointing out the following problems associated with a rock stability model proposed by others in 1970.It is found that(1)The old model didnt point out conditions of the distribution of the weight of rock over through the penetrative discontinuities;(2)The distribution characters of crack water pressure in the old model is against the observed landslide phenomena and hydraulics theory:(3)The old model didnt considered the percent-age of going through infiltration water.Finally,the paper sets up a new slope stability model and critical value cal-culation equation of water-start landslide.The model and the equation are formulated according to easily slip overdip slope and chair-shape slope characters.Then,it brings forward the method on how to acquire parameters of the combined intemal friction angle and the percentage of going through infiltration water as follows:(1)The back -calculation parameters of landslide;(2)The method of observation and statistic about the dip angle of slip pene-trative discontinuities without hydraulic pressure and the percentage of going through water;(3)The experiment of the shearing and simple hydrogeology;(4)The method of geophysical exploration.