背景:在关于语义启动的事件相关电位研究中,N400(在刺激呈现后400 ms左右出现的负波)成分占据重要的地位,被普遍认为反映了语义加工过程.不少研究证实,语义启动会导致N400波幅降低.而语音启动的研究较少,尤其是通过听觉呈现刺激的方式进行的的事件相关电位研究.目的:观察听觉呈现条件下汉语双字词的语音启动和语义启动事件相关电位特征,验证关于听觉词汇识别的相关理论.设计:重复测量实验.单位:天津师范大学心理与行为研究中心.对象:实验于2003-08/10在天津师范大学进行.选择17名天津师范大学在读大学生为被试,男生8名,女生9名,年龄19～23岁,身体健康,听力正常,母语为汉语,普通话标准.除1名男生外,其余均为右利手.所有受试大学生均对检测项目知情同意.方法:①本实验采用词汇决定任务,判断继时听觉呈现的词对中,后一个词为真词还是假词.要求被试进行按键反应.刺激材料为640对双字词组成的词对(包括词义相关、首音相同、尾音相同、音义无关及真假词对5类).实验中5类词对以随机顺序呈现.②使用Stim呈现实验材料,该软件同时记录行为数据,对被试在4种实验条件下(词对间语义相关、首音相同、尾音相同、音义无关)的反应的错误率和平均反应时进行计算.对真假词对不进行分析(作为填充).被试头戴美国Neuroscan公司Quick-Cap32导脑电帽(国际10-20系统),参考电极为双侧乳突连线,经Synamps放大器放大15 000倍,采样频率500 Hz,然后送入电脑由Scan 4.3软件记录.对数据的离线分析包括利用SCAN软件中的Ocular Artifact Reduction功能去除连续文件中的眼电干扰、分段(分析时程从触发点前200 ms至触发点之后1 500 ms)、基线矫正(-100～0 ms为标准)、去伪迹(超过±100μV的数据作为伪迹排除)、叠加.主要观察指标:不同实验条件下目标词进行反应时的错误率、反应时间及引起的N400波形的变化.结果:17名被试的数据均被纳入结果分析.①语义相关条件下被试错误率低于音义无关(P＜0.05),反应时短于音义无关(P＜0.01);首音相同及尾音相同条件下被试错误率高于音义无关(P＜0.01).将错误的反应剔除,语义相关、首音相同、尾音相同和音义无关4种条件下的平均反应时分别为830,891,864和903 ms.语义相关与音义无关相比差异显著(P＜0.01);尾音相同与音义无关及首音相同差异明显(P＜0.01).②因为FCZ引发的N400最为显著,所以对4种实验条件下FCZ点引发的N400的波幅和潜伏期进行统计分析.LSD多重比较发现,音义无关波幅显著高于语义相关(P＜0.01),音义无关峰潜时最长,其次分别为语义相关、尾音相同,时间最短的是首音相同.LSD多重比较显示,首音相同具有峰潜时缩短的趋势,与音义无关差异显著(P＜0.05).③考察不同实验条件下N400头皮分布的差异,除FCZ点之外,又选取了FZ、CZ、PZ、T7、T8分别作为前区、顶区、后区、左区和右区的代表点,对波幅进行4(实验条件)×2(电极位置)两因素重复测量方差分析.不同电极位置的主效应非常显著(P=0.000).波幅最高的是FCZ(-7.946μV),其次分别为CZ(-7.285μV)、FZ(-6.849μV)、PZ(-4.324μV)、T8(-3.501μV)、T7(-3.484μV).LSD多重比较表明,除CZ外,FCZ波幅高于其他代表点.结论:①在词汇决定实验中,通过听觉通道呈现汉语双字词,启动词与目标词之间存在语义联系可导致目标词的加工得到改善,表现为错误率降低、反应时缩短,以及N400波幅减小.②启动词与目标词之间的语音一致对目标词的加工既有干扰作用,又有促进作用.表现为错误率提高,但反应时趋向缩短,N400波幅亦呈下降趋势.③启动词与目标词首音相同比尾音相同有更大的干扰作用.这为交股理论所认为的在听觉词汇识别过程中首音具有特殊意义的看法提供了支持,不过该理论应用于汉语双字词识别需要进行一定的修正.④本实验没有发现语义启动语音启动具有不同脑内源的证据.
揹景:在關于語義啟動的事件相關電位研究中,N400(在刺激呈現後400 ms左右齣現的負波)成分佔據重要的地位,被普遍認為反映瞭語義加工過程.不少研究證實,語義啟動會導緻N400波幅降低.而語音啟動的研究較少,尤其是通過聽覺呈現刺激的方式進行的的事件相關電位研究.目的:觀察聽覺呈現條件下漢語雙字詞的語音啟動和語義啟動事件相關電位特徵,驗證關于聽覺詞彙識彆的相關理論.設計:重複測量實驗.單位:天津師範大學心理與行為研究中心.對象:實驗于2003-08/10在天津師範大學進行.選擇17名天津師範大學在讀大學生為被試,男生8名,女生9名,年齡19～23歲,身體健康,聽力正常,母語為漢語,普通話標準.除1名男生外,其餘均為右利手.所有受試大學生均對檢測項目知情同意.方法:①本實驗採用詞彙決定任務,判斷繼時聽覺呈現的詞對中,後一箇詞為真詞還是假詞.要求被試進行按鍵反應.刺激材料為640對雙字詞組成的詞對(包括詞義相關、首音相同、尾音相同、音義無關及真假詞對5類).實驗中5類詞對以隨機順序呈現.②使用Stim呈現實驗材料,該軟件同時記錄行為數據,對被試在4種實驗條件下(詞對間語義相關、首音相同、尾音相同、音義無關)的反應的錯誤率和平均反應時進行計算.對真假詞對不進行分析(作為填充).被試頭戴美國Neuroscan公司Quick-Cap32導腦電帽(國際10-20繫統),參攷電極為雙側乳突連線,經Synamps放大器放大15 000倍,採樣頻率500 Hz,然後送入電腦由Scan 4.3軟件記錄.對數據的離線分析包括利用SCAN軟件中的Ocular Artifact Reduction功能去除連續文件中的眼電榦擾、分段(分析時程從觸髮點前200 ms至觸髮點之後1 500 ms)、基線矯正(-100～0 ms為標準)、去偽跡(超過±100μV的數據作為偽跡排除)、疊加.主要觀察指標:不同實驗條件下目標詞進行反應時的錯誤率、反應時間及引起的N400波形的變化.結果:17名被試的數據均被納入結果分析.①語義相關條件下被試錯誤率低于音義無關(P＜0.05),反應時短于音義無關(P＜0.01);首音相同及尾音相同條件下被試錯誤率高于音義無關(P＜0.01).將錯誤的反應剔除,語義相關、首音相同、尾音相同和音義無關4種條件下的平均反應時分彆為830,891,864和903 ms.語義相關與音義無關相比差異顯著(P＜0.01);尾音相同與音義無關及首音相同差異明顯(P＜0.01).②因為FCZ引髮的N400最為顯著,所以對4種實驗條件下FCZ點引髮的N400的波幅和潛伏期進行統計分析.LSD多重比較髮現,音義無關波幅顯著高于語義相關(P＜0.01),音義無關峰潛時最長,其次分彆為語義相關、尾音相同,時間最短的是首音相同.LSD多重比較顯示,首音相同具有峰潛時縮短的趨勢,與音義無關差異顯著(P＜0.05).③攷察不同實驗條件下N400頭皮分佈的差異,除FCZ點之外,又選取瞭FZ、CZ、PZ、T7、T8分彆作為前區、頂區、後區、左區和右區的代錶點,對波幅進行4(實驗條件)×2(電極位置)兩因素重複測量方差分析.不同電極位置的主效應非常顯著(P=0.000).波幅最高的是FCZ(-7.946μV),其次分彆為CZ(-7.285μV)、FZ(-6.849μV)、PZ(-4.324μV)、T8(-3.501μV)、T7(-3.484μV).LSD多重比較錶明,除CZ外,FCZ波幅高于其他代錶點.結論:①在詞彙決定實驗中,通過聽覺通道呈現漢語雙字詞,啟動詞與目標詞之間存在語義聯繫可導緻目標詞的加工得到改善,錶現為錯誤率降低、反應時縮短,以及N400波幅減小.②啟動詞與目標詞之間的語音一緻對目標詞的加工既有榦擾作用,又有促進作用.錶現為錯誤率提高,但反應時趨嚮縮短,N400波幅亦呈下降趨勢.③啟動詞與目標詞首音相同比尾音相同有更大的榦擾作用.這為交股理論所認為的在聽覺詞彙識彆過程中首音具有特殊意義的看法提供瞭支持,不過該理論應用于漢語雙字詞識彆需要進行一定的脩正.④本實驗沒有髮現語義啟動語音啟動具有不同腦內源的證據.
배경:재관우어의계동적사건상관전위연구중,N400(재자격정현후400 ms좌우출현적부파)성분점거중요적지위,피보편인위반영료어의가공과정.불소연구증실,어의계동회도치N400파폭강저.이어음계동적연구교소,우기시통과은각정현자격적방식진행적적사건상관전위연구.목적:관찰은각정현조건하한어쌍자사적어음계동화어의계동사건상관전위특정,험증관우은각사회식별적상관이론.설계:중복측량실험.단위:천진사범대학심리여행위연구중심.대상:실험우2003-08/10재천진사범대학진행.선택17명천진사범대학재독대학생위피시,남생8명,녀생9명,년령19～23세,신체건강,은력정상,모어위한어,보통화표준.제1명남생외,기여균위우리수.소유수시대학생균대검측항목지정동의.방법:①본실험채용사회결정임무,판단계시은각정현적사대중,후일개사위진사환시가사.요구피시진행안건반응.자격재료위640대쌍자사조성적사대(포괄사의상관、수음상동、미음상동、음의무관급진가사대5류).실험중5류사대이수궤순서정현.②사용Stim정현실험재료,해연건동시기록행위수거,대피시재4충실험조건하(사대간어의상관、수음상동、미음상동、음의무관)적반응적착오솔화평균반응시진행계산.대진가사대불진행분석(작위전충).피시두대미국Neuroscan공사Quick-Cap32도뇌전모(국제10-20계통),삼고전겁위쌍측유돌련선,경Synamps방대기방대15 000배,채양빈솔500 Hz,연후송입전뇌유Scan 4.3연건기록.대수거적리선분석포괄이용SCAN연건중적Ocular Artifact Reduction공능거제련속문건중적안전간우、분단(분석시정종촉발점전200 ms지촉발점지후1 500 ms)、기선교정(-100～0 ms위표준)、거위적(초과±100μV적수거작위위적배제)、첩가.주요관찰지표:불동실험조건하목표사진행반응시적착오솔、반응시간급인기적N400파형적변화.결과:17명피시적수거균피납입결과분석.①어의상관조건하피시착오솔저우음의무관(P＜0.05),반응시단우음의무관(P＜0.01);수음상동급미음상동조건하피시착오솔고우음의무관(P＜0.01).장착오적반응척제,어의상관、수음상동、미음상동화음의무관4충조건하적평균반응시분별위830,891,864화903 ms.어의상관여음의무관상비차이현저(P＜0.01);미음상동여음의무관급수음상동차이명현(P＜0.01).②인위FCZ인발적N400최위현저,소이대4충실험조건하FCZ점인발적N400적파폭화잠복기진행통계분석.LSD다중비교발현,음의무관파폭현저고우어의상관(P＜0.01),음의무관봉잠시최장,기차분별위어의상관、미음상동,시간최단적시수음상동.LSD다중비교현시,수음상동구유봉잠시축단적추세,여음의무관차이현저(P＜0.05).③고찰불동실험조건하N400두피분포적차이,제FCZ점지외,우선취료FZ、CZ、PZ、T7、T8분별작위전구、정구、후구、좌구화우구적대표점,대파폭진행4(실험조건)×2(전겁위치)량인소중복측량방차분석.불동전겁위치적주효응비상현저(P=0.000).파폭최고적시FCZ(-7.946μV),기차분별위CZ(-7.285μV)、FZ(-6.849μV)、PZ(-4.324μV)、T8(-3.501μV)、T7(-3.484μV).LSD다중비교표명,제CZ외,FCZ파폭고우기타대표점.결론:①재사회결정실험중,통과은각통도정현한어쌍자사,계동사여목표사지간존재어의련계가도치목표사적가공득도개선,표현위착오솔강저、반응시축단,이급N400파폭감소.②계동사여목표사지간적어음일치대목표사적가공기유간우작용,우유촉진작용.표현위착오솔제고,단반응시추향축단,N400파폭역정하강추세.③계동사여목표사수음상동비미음상동유경대적간우작용.저위교고이론소인위적재은각사회식별과정중수음구유특수의의적간법제공료지지,불과해이론응용우한어쌍자사식별수요진행일정적수정.④본실험몰유발현어의계동어음계동구유불동뇌내원적증거.
BACKGROUND:Researchers have done much work to investigate semantic priming with event-related potentials (ERPs) method. The ERPs component of N400 is of great importance in this research domain. N400 is a negative wave occurs at about 400 ms after the stimulus onset. It has been accepted that N400 represents the processing of semantic information. In many studies, amplitude of N400 could be reduced by semantic priming. Relatively, ERPs studies on phonological priming, especially by auditory stimuli, deserve to be further investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the EPR characteristics of semantic and phonological priming with spoken two-character Chinese words, and also to testify theories about auditory word recognition.DESIGN: Repeated measurement experiment.SETTING: Center for Psychology and Behavior Studies, Tianjin Normal University. PARTICIPANTS: This experiment was carried out between August and October 2003 in Tianjin Normal University. Seventeen healthy college students (8 male and 9 female, age ranging from 19 to 23 years) with no hearing defect were involved in this experiment. All of them were Chinese native speakers. All except one male participant were right handed. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the participants.METHODS: In the study, lexical dicision task which required participants was used to judge if the latter words were real words or pseudowords in the auditorily presented word-pairs by pressing buttons. The stimuli materials were 640 two-character word-pairs including semantic related, initial phonological overlap, final phonological overlap, phonological and semantic unrelated and word-pseudoword (control) conditions. These five kinds of word-pairs presented randomly in the experiment. The presentation of stimuli and recording of behavioral data were realized by STIM software. The error rate and mean reaction time (RT) of reaction of subjects were calculated under four experimental conditions. The word-pseudoword items were not included in the analysis (just served as fillers). EEG were recorded referring to linked mastoids with Scan 4.3 software made by Neuroscan company in America. Participants wore the Quick-Cap32 electrode cap (International 10/20 System). EEG data were amplified and acquired with a sampling rate of 500 Hz. Offline exclusion of occular artifacts was done on the acquired continuous EEG data after experiment. Then the EEG data were segmented to epochs of 1 700 ms, each epoch was time-locked to the onset of target stimulus with a 200 ms pre-target baseline. Then the operation of baseline (with a 200ms pre-target baseline), artifact rejection (epochs with amplitude exceeded the range of -100 μV to +100 μV were rejected) and average were realized. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Error rate, reaction time and caused N400 waveform change of target words under different experimental conditions.RESULTS: Data from 17 subjects were involved in the final analysis. The error rate of subjects under semantic related condition was lower (P＜ 0.05) while RT was shorter (P＜ 0.01) than that under phonological and semantic unrelated condition. The error rates of subjects under initial phonological overlap and final phonological over lap conditions were higher than that under phonological and semantic unrelated condition (P ＜ 0.01). The error reactions were discarded and the mean value of RT under 4 conditions (semantic related, initial phonological overlap, final phonological overlap and phonological and semantic unrelated) were 830 ms, 891 ms, 864 ms and 903 ms, respectively. There were significant differences of error rate and RT between semantic related and phonological and semantic unrelated conditions (P ＜ 0.01). Error rate and RT under final phonological overlap condition were significantly different from those under initial phonological overlap and phonological and semantic unrelated conditions (P ＜ 0.01). Since the largest amplitude of N400 occurred at FCZ electrode, FCZ was chosen for analyzing the effects under four different experimental conditions. The LSD multiple comparison showed that amplitude under control condition was significantly higher than that under semantic related condition (P ＜ 0.01). Latency under the control condition was the longest, then decreased gradually according to the sequence of semantic related, final phonological overlap and initial phonological overlap condition. As the results of LSD multiple comparison revealed, initial phonological overlap condition had a tendency of shortened latency, with significant difference when compared with control condition (P ＜ 0.05). Another five electrodes were selected besides FCZ standing for anterior, parietal, posterior, left and right brain area in order to investigate the scalp distribution difference of N400 under different experimental conditions. Two factors repeated measured ANOVA (Analysis of variance) was carried out for amplitude analysis, with different experimental conditions (4 levels) as the first factor and electrode positions (6 levels) as the second factor. The main effect of electrode positions was significant [F(5,80)= 13.376, P =0.000]. Among the chosen electrodes, FCZ had the largest amplitude (-7.946 μV), the second was CZ (-7.285 μV) and the other top-downsequence was FZ (-6.849 μV), PZ (-4.324 μV), T8 (-3.501 μV ) and T7 (-3.484 μV), respectively. Results of LSD multiple comparison revealed that the amplitude of FCZ was higher than all other electrodes but CZ. CONCLUSION: Two-character Chinese words presented auditorily in lexical decision task. Semantic relationship can facilitate the recognition of target words, which is shown by lower error rate, shorter RT and decreased amplitude of N400 component. Phonological congruence between prime and target words has both facilitory and interferential effects on target words, which is shown by increased error rate, shorter RT and the tendency of decreasing N400 amplitude.Interferential effect of initial phonological overlap between prime and target words is stronger than that of final phonological overlap. This finding provides evidence for initial phonological information's special function during auditory word recognition which is supported by Cohort Theory. No evidence for the existence of separate intracranial sources of semantic priming and phonological priming has been found. However, Cohort Theory should be revised while applying to the recognition of two-character words of Chinese.
