地质论评
地質論評
지질론평
GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
2010年
2期
289-298
,共10页
燃煤污染型氟中毒重症区%玉米和辣椒氟和砷含量%粮食氟和砷污染途径%改灶降氟
燃煤汙染型氟中毒重癥區%玉米和辣椒氟和砷含量%糧食氟和砷汙染途徑%改竈降氟
연매오염형불중독중증구%옥미화랄초불화신함량%양식불화신오염도경%개조강불
Coal-burning endemic fluorosis%fluorine and arsenic content of corn and capsicum%route of fluorine and arsenic pollution of grain%Improved oven for defluorination
滇黔地区室内燃煤污染所致慢性氟中毒是我国特有的长期困扰我国的主要环境健康问题之一.为了探讨滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒重症区粮食氟和砷含量及污染的主要途径和改灶降氟炉的使用状况及氟中毒防治效果等,从2005年至2008年11月,连续在云南省和贵州省氟中毒较严重的地区--昭通市的镇雄、威信、大关、彝良、昭阳区以及贵州威宁石门坎、毕节、郝章和非病区昭通巧家、鲁甸县等地,调查了当地500余户改灶降氟炉的使用状况、生活习惯及粮食干燥和保存方式、儿童氟斑牙患病率等,系统采集和分析测定了改灶降氟炉使用区和非使用区烘烤前后粮食的氟和砷等含量. 结果发现:无论重病区或非病区,未烘烤粮食的新鲜玉米的氟含量均低于4μg/g,一般为1～2μg/g, 砷含量低于0.1μg/g,一般在0.01～0.05μg/g之间;而敞炉快速烘烤(10～15天)的玉米氟含量比烘烤前增加4～200倍,一般在10倍以上,含量在10～20μg/g之间; 辣椒氟含量比烘烤前增加了30～100倍, 最高达1274.39μg/g;烘烤辣椒的含氟量一般高于玉米的氟含量,均高于20μg/g;砷的含量也10～40倍地增加,增加幅度与氟相当.被调查的500余户烘烤粮食的居民中, 无论改灶降氟炉使用户或非使用户,只要是需要烘烤粮食的用户,没有一户是单独使用改灶降氟炉烘烤粮食,全部用2～3个以上的敞炉烘烤粮食,其烘烤后的粮食的氟和砷污染程度相当.结论:滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒区重症区大多数新鲜玉米和辣椒的氟和砷的含量低于或稍高于国家标准;无论烘烤粮食的煤及拌煤黏土中氟和砷含量的高低,烘烤后的玉米和辣椒的氟含量全部超标,砷含量增加十倍以上,敞炉快速烘烤粮食是滇黔氟中毒重症区的粮食氟和砷污染的主要路径和主要成因.改灶降氟炉的推广,不能降低滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒区粮食的氟污染、根治燃煤污染型氟中毒症发生的主要原因,是当地潮湿多雨,气候阴冷,而改灶降氟炉的火力太小,无法在短期内快速烘烤干粮食,所以,无论改灶降氟炉使用区或非使用区,全部用敞炉烘烤粮食.因而在阴冷潮湿的滇黔山区,仅仅推广火力较小的改灶降氟炉,无法隔断烘烤粮食时的氟污染源,对防治滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒是远远不够的.
滇黔地區室內燃煤汙染所緻慢性氟中毒是我國特有的長期睏擾我國的主要環境健康問題之一.為瞭探討滇黔"燃煤汙染型"氟中毒重癥區糧食氟和砷含量及汙染的主要途徑和改竈降氟爐的使用狀況及氟中毒防治效果等,從2005年至2008年11月,連續在雲南省和貴州省氟中毒較嚴重的地區--昭通市的鎮雄、威信、大關、彝良、昭暘區以及貴州威寧石門坎、畢節、郝章和非病區昭通巧傢、魯甸縣等地,調查瞭噹地500餘戶改竈降氟爐的使用狀況、生活習慣及糧食榦燥和保存方式、兒童氟斑牙患病率等,繫統採集和分析測定瞭改竈降氟爐使用區和非使用區烘烤前後糧食的氟和砷等含量. 結果髮現:無論重病區或非病區,未烘烤糧食的新鮮玉米的氟含量均低于4μg/g,一般為1～2μg/g, 砷含量低于0.1μg/g,一般在0.01～0.05μg/g之間;而敞爐快速烘烤(10～15天)的玉米氟含量比烘烤前增加4～200倍,一般在10倍以上,含量在10～20μg/g之間; 辣椒氟含量比烘烤前增加瞭30～100倍, 最高達1274.39μg/g;烘烤辣椒的含氟量一般高于玉米的氟含量,均高于20μg/g;砷的含量也10～40倍地增加,增加幅度與氟相噹.被調查的500餘戶烘烤糧食的居民中, 無論改竈降氟爐使用戶或非使用戶,隻要是需要烘烤糧食的用戶,沒有一戶是單獨使用改竈降氟爐烘烤糧食,全部用2～3箇以上的敞爐烘烤糧食,其烘烤後的糧食的氟和砷汙染程度相噹.結論:滇黔"燃煤汙染型"氟中毒區重癥區大多數新鮮玉米和辣椒的氟和砷的含量低于或稍高于國傢標準;無論烘烤糧食的煤及拌煤黏土中氟和砷含量的高低,烘烤後的玉米和辣椒的氟含量全部超標,砷含量增加十倍以上,敞爐快速烘烤糧食是滇黔氟中毒重癥區的糧食氟和砷汙染的主要路徑和主要成因.改竈降氟爐的推廣,不能降低滇黔"燃煤汙染型"氟中毒區糧食的氟汙染、根治燃煤汙染型氟中毒癥髮生的主要原因,是噹地潮濕多雨,氣候陰冷,而改竈降氟爐的火力太小,無法在短期內快速烘烤榦糧食,所以,無論改竈降氟爐使用區或非使用區,全部用敞爐烘烤糧食.因而在陰冷潮濕的滇黔山區,僅僅推廣火力較小的改竈降氟爐,無法隔斷烘烤糧食時的氟汙染源,對防治滇黔"燃煤汙染型"氟中毒是遠遠不夠的.
전검지구실내연매오염소치만성불중독시아국특유적장기곤우아국적주요배경건강문제지일.위료탐토전검"연매오염형"불중독중증구양식불화신함량급오염적주요도경화개조강불로적사용상황급불중독방치효과등,종2005년지2008년11월,련속재운남성화귀주성불중독교엄중적지구--소통시적진웅、위신、대관、이량、소양구이급귀주위저석문감、필절、학장화비병구소통교가、로전현등지,조사료당지500여호개조강불로적사용상황、생활습관급양식간조화보존방식、인동불반아환병솔등,계통채집화분석측정료개조강불로사용구화비사용구홍고전후양식적불화신등함량. 결과발현:무론중병구혹비병구,미홍고양식적신선옥미적불함량균저우4μg/g,일반위1～2μg/g, 신함량저우0.1μg/g,일반재0.01～0.05μg/g지간;이창로쾌속홍고(10～15천)적옥미불함량비홍고전증가4～200배,일반재10배이상,함량재10～20μg/g지간; 랄초불함량비홍고전증가료30～100배, 최고체1274.39μg/g;홍고랄초적함불량일반고우옥미적불함량,균고우20μg/g;신적함량야10～40배지증가,증가폭도여불상당.피조사적500여호홍고양식적거민중, 무론개조강불로사용호혹비사용호,지요시수요홍고양식적용호,몰유일호시단독사용개조강불로홍고양식,전부용2～3개이상적창로홍고양식,기홍고후적양식적불화신오염정도상당.결론:전검"연매오염형"불중독구중증구대다수신선옥미화랄초적불화신적함량저우혹초고우국가표준;무론홍고양식적매급반매점토중불화신함량적고저,홍고후적옥미화랄초적불함량전부초표,신함량증가십배이상,창로쾌속홍고양식시전검불중독중증구적양식불화신오염적주요로경화주요성인.개조강불로적추엄,불능강저전검"연매오염형"불중독구양식적불오염、근치연매오염형불중독증발생적주요원인,시당지조습다우,기후음랭,이개조강불로적화력태소,무법재단기내쾌속홍고간양식,소이,무론개조강불로사용구혹비사용구,전부용창로홍고양식.인이재음랭조습적전검산구,부부추엄화력교소적개조강불로,무법격단홍고양식시적불오염원,대방치전검"연매오염형"불중독시원원불구적.
For study the fluorine and arsenic content and pollution route of the grain in "coal-burning "endemic fluorosis area in Yunnan-Guizhou area and the effect of improved oven for defluorination(OD) in preventing coal-burning chronic fluorosis and the situation of OD use in fluorosis areas in Yunnan-Guizhou Provinces, the living habits, the way of drying and preservation for grain and the children's dental fluorosis rate about 500 families were investigated in the famous serious fluorosis areas--Zhenxiong, Weixin, Daguan, Yiliang County and Zhaoyang of Zhaotong City in Yunnan Province and Weining County and Bijie County in Guizhou Province,and non- fluorosis areas --Qiaojia, Ludian County of Zhaotong City in Yunnan Province during Apr. 2005 to Dec. 2008. The fluorine content of grain before and after dried in both using and no using OD areas were analyzed .The results show: the fluorine and arsenic content in most fresh grain are lower or a little more over the state standard, the fluorine content in most fresh corn between 1～2μg/g and arsenic content is lower than 0.1μg/g, general in 0.01 to 0.05μg/g, both in the fluorosis area or no infect area. But after about 10 days dried by burning coal quickly, the fluorine and arsenic content in the dried corn have a great deal increase, fluorine pollution level of grain dried by burning coal quickly.In the area of using OD or not, the fluorine pollution level of grain dried by burning coal quickly and dental fluorosis rate of local people are near same, in both areas are very high, and both of fluorine pollution level of grain dried by burning coal are over state standard, and arsenic pollution level increase more than 10 times than the fresh corn; In the using or non-using OD districts, dental fluorosis rate of children, who are mainly feed by dried corn by burning coal quickly, come to 100%, and their fluorosis rate are equivalent. The reason of that OD can't decrease the coal-burning endemic fluorosis rate of southwest China is not the lower using rate or incorrect use of OD. The reason is its lower firepower which can't dry grain quickly in a short time. So, the main route of fluorine and arsenic pollution of grain in "coal-burning" in southwest China endemic fluorosis area is the way of using the open oven burning coal to dry the grain. In the using or non-using OD districts, people still use the open oven to dry the grain; no one uses the OD to dry the grain.So, it is not enough to improve oven only for defluorination in preventing "coal-burning endemic fluorosis" in southwestern China, it can not cut off the source of fluorine when grain dried by burning coal, and need add the other way to together to cut off the source of fluorine.
