CAJ | 학술논문

华北平原是我国冬小麦主产区,干旱是影响该地区冬小麦产量稳定的最主要的灾害之一.进行产量风险评估以及如何通过灌溉降低干旱产量风险对于该地区冬小麦稳产高产具有重要的现实意义.该文利用澳大利亚的APSIM农业生产系统模拟模型,以华北平原北京和山东禹城为例,分析了不同降水年型条件下冬小麦的产量风险;通过不同灌溉方案的设计和模拟,分析了不同的灌溉方案在各种年型条件下对降低冬小麦产量风险的作用.结果表明:北京和禹城地区冬小麦生育期内绝大部分年份降水不能满足作物的需水,严重缺水年型出现的频率均在30%左右,两地该年型的平均产量仅为2 445和2 466 kg/hm~2,产量风险较高.灌溉对于降低产量风险具有明显的作用,但需根据不同的缺水年型选择适宜的灌溉方案.在兼顾冬小麦稳产高产和提高水分利用效率的前提下,严重和中度缺水年型进行3次补充灌溉,分别为底墒水、拔节水和开花水,而在轻度缺水年型条件下,底墒水和拔节水两次灌溉即可大大降低干旱带来的产量风险,灌水定额为50～70 mm,且随缺水程度的降低和灌溉次数的增加,可以适当减小灌水定额.
화북평원시아국동소맥주산구,간한시영향해지구동소맥산량은정적최주요적재해지일.진행산량풍험평고이급여하통과관개강저간한산량풍험대우해지구동소맥은산고산구유중요적현실의의.해문이용오대리아적APSIM농업생산계통모의모형,이화북평원북경화산동우성위례,분석료불동강수년형조건하동소맥적산량풍험;통과불동관개방안적설계화모의,분석료불동적관개방안재각충년형조건하대강저동소맥산량풍험적작용.결과표명:북경화우성지구동소맥생육기내절대부분년빈강수불능만족작물적수수,엄중결수년형출현적빈솔균재30%좌우,량지해년형적평균산량부위2 445화2 466 kg/hm~2,산량풍험교고.관개대우강저산량풍험구유명현적작용,단수근거불동적결수년형선택괄의적관개방안.재겸고동소맥은산고산화제고수분이용효솔적전제하,엄중화중도결수년형진행3차보충관개,분별위저상수、발절수화개화수,이재경도결수년형조건하,저상수화발절수량차관개즉가대대강저간한대래적산량풍험,관수정액위50～70 mm,차수결수정도적강저화관개차수적증가,가이괄당감소관수정액.
The North China Plain (NCP) is the main winter wheat production area in China. However, grain yield of winter wheat is often threatened by drought, leading to a high risk of yield. Assessment on yield risk and study on how to reduce yield risk by appropriate irrigations could provide suitable instructions for irrigation management and increasing yield. By using the simulation model APSIM, taking Beijing and Yucheng as case study areas, yield risk of winter wheat in those two areas were evaluated firstly. Then irrigation schemes were designed and their contributions to reduce yield risk in different rainfall years were analyzed. Results indicated that in most years, rainfall could not meet the requirement of wheat, and in 30% of years water shortage reached serious degree. In serious drought years, yields of winter wheat were only 2 445 and 2 466 kg/hm~2 in Beijing and Yucheng, respectively. After irrigation, yield risk was reduced greatly, while the appropriate irrigation schemes were varied in different rainfall year types. Synthetically considering reducing yield risk and increasing water use efficiency, three irrigations are appropriate to be given in serious and medium drought years at the stage of before sowing, jointing and flowering. For light drought years, two irrigations at the stage of before sowing and jointing, respectively, are sufficient to reduce yield risk as low as possible.