提高平菇产量的栽培新技术
제고평고산량적재배신기술
Improvement of Spawn,Compost and Cultivation Technique for Oyster Mushroom
  • 万方数据
    华中农业大学学报 화중농업대학학보
    JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
    2004年 1期 78-88 ,共11页

    平菇%栽培%菇床%栽培料 平菇%栽培%菇床%栽培料
    평고%재배%고상%재배료
    oyster mushroom%spawn%compost%cultivation technique
    探讨了一系列有关菇床的制备、栽培料的处理和发酵等提高平菇产量的栽培措施.为了提高锯木屑的利用率,在制备菇床时引进了发酵技术;为了解决生长中一些基础问题,改进了培养基质的处理方法.同时也评估了聚乙烯薄膜钻孔覆盖技术对两种平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus和 P. sajor-caju)产量和品质的影响.在平菇菇床制备的过程中,为避免其它真菌菌丝的污染,使用了发酵后的锯木屑法.结果表明,所用的3种添加物中,稻糠是促使培养基质升温效率最高的添加物,可以升高到70℃.应用发酵锯木屑添加稻糠生产的菌丝的活力和密度大大高于非发酵锯木屑培养,并且其上可见平菇原基的形成.发酵锯木屑在预防木霉的污染上显示了一定的潜能,而非发酵锯屑在接种后30 d内对木霉无能为力.研究了堆料(发酵)对平菇培养基物效率的提高能力.在白杨树锯木屑和冬蘑菇的栽培废料中加入10%的米糠后,在20～28℃下室外堆放12 d.在发酵锯木屑钵中发酵的持续时间缩短3 d.平菇在发酵基质中生长可以加快子实体原基的形成.用棉籽壳和发酵的白杨锯木屑混合可以获得最高的产量(742 g),而对照只有663 g.另外,用白杨锯木屑与冬蘑菇培养废料混合可以最有效提高发酵效率.在棉籽壳中添加发酵的锯木屑和可循环的农副产品可以促进培养基质发酵和子实体形成.许多问题困扰着平菇的栽培:微生物和害虫的污染,高强度的劳动力,因菇床管理不善而造成的栽培质量问题等.为了解决这些问题,凿孔聚乙烯薄膜覆盖技术被用来栽培Pleurotus ostreatus 和Pleurotus sajor-caju.菇床覆以打孔的、透明的、黑色的塑料膜(0.03 mm厚,孔直径10 cm,孔间距10 cm以保证25 孔/ m2).菌种自孔接入菇床表面.此项技术因蘑菇成束形成而使采摘时效率更高,P. ostreatus的产量每平方米增加5.7% 到10.8 kg.聚乙烯薄膜覆盖的菇床每束蘑菇的平均重量283 g(33子实体),而传统的栽培方法为117g(15子实体).P. sajor-caju可以快速在基质上生长和定殖,并在孔口周围成束长出子实体.P. sajor-caju栽培系统的总产量为8 kg/m2,薄膜覆盖栽培平均每束菇的重量为225 g(79个子实体,而传统的方法栽培的平均子实体重量为2.5 g.由于菇床平坦,有利于快速采摘,降低劳动力达52%(P. ostreatus)或64%(P. sajor-caju).在薄膜下面,平菇的菌丝保持健白色,健康状态,而传统的栽培经过一轮的采摘后,菌丝变黄.用薄膜覆盖技术很少出现菇体不能发育成熟的现象.因此这种建立在提高栽培料组合和发酵基础上的平菇栽培新方法值得推荐.
    탐토료일계렬유관고상적제비、재배료적처리화발효등제고평고산량적재배조시.위료제고거목설적이용솔,재제비고상시인진료발효기술;위료해결생장중일사기출문제,개진료배양기질적처리방법.동시야평고료취을희박막찬공복개기술대량충평고(Pleurotus ostreatus화 P. sajor-caju)산량화품질적영향.재평고고상제비적과정중,위피면기타진균균사적오염,사용료발효후적거목설법.결과표명,소용적3충첨가물중,도강시촉사배양기질승온효솔최고적첨가물,가이승고도70℃.응용발효거목설첨가도강생산적균사적활력화밀도대대고우비발효거목설배양,병차기상가견평고원기적형성.발효거목설재예방목매적오염상현시료일정적잠능,이비발효거설재접충후30 d내대목매무능위력.연구료퇴료(발효)대평고배양기물효솔적제고능력.재백양수거목설화동마고적재배폐료중가입10%적미강후,재20～28℃하실외퇴방12 d.재발효거목설발중발효적지속시간축단3 d.평고재발효기질중생장가이가쾌자실체원기적형성.용면자각화발효적백양거목설혼합가이획득최고적산량(742 g),이대조지유663 g.령외,용백양거목설여동마고배양폐료혼합가이최유효제고발효효솔.재면자각중첨가발효적거목설화가순배적농부산품가이촉진배양기질발효화자실체형성.허다문제곤우착평고적재배:미생물화해충적오염,고강도적노동력,인고상관리불선이조성적재배질량문제등.위료해결저사문제,착공취을희박막복개기술피용래재배Pleurotus ostreatus 화Pleurotus sajor-caju.고상복이타공적、투명적、흑색적소료막(0.03 mm후,공직경10 cm,공간거10 cm이보증25 공/ m2).균충자공접입고상표면.차항기술인마고성속형성이사채적시효솔경고,P. ostreatus적산량매평방미증가5.7% 도10.8 kg.취을희박막복개적고상매속마고적평균중량283 g(33자실체),이전통적재배방법위117g(15자실체).P. sajor-caju가이쾌속재기질상생장화정식,병재공구주위성속장출자실체.P. sajor-caju재배계통적총산량위8 kg/m2,박막복개재배평균매속고적중량위225 g(79개자실체,이전통적방법재배적평균자실체중량위2.5 g.유우고상평탄,유리우쾌속채적,강저노동력체52%(P. ostreatus)혹64%(P. sajor-caju).재박막하면,평고적균사보지건백색,건강상태,이전통적재배경과일륜적채적후,균사변황.용박막복개기술흔소출현고체불능발육성숙적현상.인차저충건립재제고재배료조합화발효기출상적평고재배신방법치득추천.
    A series of works related with growing techniques for oyster mushroom were implemented to improve the efficiencies involved in spawn, compost, cultivation. To enhance the quality of sawdust spawn,fermentation technique was introduced to the spawn making. In an attempt to solve the problems of growing basic factor, the improvement of preparation of the substrate was carried out. Quality and productivity of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. sajor-caju were also assessed by a perforated polythene sheet covering technique.A method of spawn making procedures through the application of fermented sawdust for the purpose of avoiding contamination by undesirable fungi in the course of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelial growth was evaluated. Of three kinds of supplements, rice bran was the most effective to raise temperature up to 70℃. Mycelial activity and density were more considerably improved in the case of using fermented sawdust supplemented with rice bran than the case of non-fermented sawdust. Primordia of Pleurotus ostreatus were formed on fermented sawdust. The substrate of fermented sawdust showed potential to prevent the growth of Trichoderma sp. which caused a symptom on mushroom mycelium, whereas there was nothing to inhibit the growth of Trichoderma sp. during 30 days after inoculation in non-fermented sawdust. A composting technique was assessed to enhance efficiency in oyster mushroom substrate. Poplar sawdusts and by-product of winter mushroom added by 10% rice bran were composted outdoors at 20℃ to 28℃ for 12 days. The duration of composting shortened 3 days in fermented sawdust plot. The oyster mushroom substrate with fermented sawdusts promoted initial pins to produce a large lump of primordia. The highest yield was 742 g obtained from waste cotton substrate with fermented poplar sawdust, whereas the yield in control treatment 663 g. In addition, the substrate with by-product of winter mushroom was the most effective to composting. It was useful to apply fermented sawdust and recycled by-product to waste cotton associated with compost and sporophore production.Pleurotus spp. cultivation has been beset by several problems:contamination by undesirable microorganisms and pests, intensive labor requirements, and low crop quality owing to poor bed management. In an attempt to solve these problems, a perforated polythene sheet covering technique was assessed on crops of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju.At spawning, beds were covered with perforated transparent and black plastic sheet (0.03 mm thick; 10 cm diameter holes were spaced 10 cm apart giving 25 holes/m2). Additional spawn was inoculated to the bed surface through the holes. This technique made picking quicker with more efficient use of labor as mushrooms formed in bunches. Total yield of P. ostreatus increased by 5.7% to 10.8 kg/m2. The mean weight of a mushroom bunch from polythene sheet covered beds was 283 g (33 fruitingbodies) compared to 117 g (15 fruitingbodies) obtained using conventional growing methods. P. sajor-caju rapidly colonized the substrate and individual fruitingbodies formed into discrete bunches at the site of each hole. Total yield of mushrooms from both P. sajor-caju cultivation systems was 8 kg/m2. The mean of weight of mushroom bunches from a covered bed was 225 g (79 fruitingbodies) compared to single fruitingbodies (2.5 g) picked when using the conventional growing method. The evenness of the flush made picking quicker and reduced labor input by 52% (P. ostreatus ) and 64% (P. sajor-caju). Mycelia of Pleurotus spp. under vinyl remained healthy and white;whereas mycelium grown using conventional methods changed from white to yellow-brown during the cropping cycle. Very few fruitingbodies aborted after initiation using the covering technique.It is recommended that cultivation technique should be established on oyster mushroom based on improvement of spawn and compost.
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