CAJ | 학술논문

地下结实和地上/下两型结实是被了植物两类独特的结实方式,多发生在陆生和草本植物中,主要生长在缺少水分或光照、土壤扰动频繁及环境波动较为剧烈的生境中.两种结实方式不仅是植物适应性进化的重要方面,也是选择性进化的产物.其中,地下结实对于植物在母株附近适宜微环境中保存后代、在极端环境下保持种子活力、逃避地面动物取食和火灾伤害以及延长果实发育时间等方面,地上/下两型结实对十减少同胞子代及种群内竞争、维持和扩大种群以及提高物种的适应力和进化可塑性等方面,都具有重要的生态适心意义,足植物抵御不利生物与非生物环境的两类重要防御策略.但两种结实方式同时也存在着限制果实与种子扩散、影响基因传递与种群遗传结构、加大种群隔离以及提高繁殖代价等进化限制,对物种的分布、种群增长、迁移、适合度和生活史进化等具有重要影响.目前,地下和地上/下两型结实现象分别在大约24科57属和13科34属中进行了报道,其中在菊科、十字花科、豆科和玄参科等类群中两种结实现象同时存在.从系统发育看,地下结实在木兰分支、单子叶植物分支及双了叶植物分支中均存在,而地上/下两型结实仪出现在单子叶植物分支和双子叶植物分支中,在被子植物基部类群(ANITA类群)中两种结实方式均不存在.该文对植物地下和地上/下两型结实的类型、系统进化、繁殖特性和扩散对策进行了介绍,并对其生态适应意义进行了总结,以期为深入研究植物结实的进化策略提供参考.
지하결실화지상/하량형결실시피료식물량류독특적결실방식,다발생재륙생화초본식물중,주요생장재결소수분혹광조、토양우동빈번급배경파동교위극렬적생경중.량충결실방식불부시식물괄응성진화적중요방면,야시선택성진화적산물.기중,지하결실대우식물재모주부근괄의미배경중보존후대、재겁단배경하보지충자활력、도피지면동물취식화화재상해이급연장과실발육시간등방면,지상/하량형결실대십감소동포자대급충군내경쟁、유지화확대충군이급제고물충적괄응력화진화가소성등방면,도구유중요적생태괄심의의,족식물저어불리생물여비생물배경적량류중요방어책략.단량충결실방식동시야존재착한제과실여충자확산、영향기인전체여충군유전결구、가대충군격리이급제고번식대개등진화한제,대물충적분포、충군증장、천이、괄합도화생활사진화등구유중요영향.목전,지하화지상/하량형결실현상분별재대약24과57속화13과34속중진행료보도,기중재국과、십자화과、두과화현삼과등류군중량충결실현상동시존재.종계통발육간,지하결실재목란분지、단자협식물분지급쌍료협식물분지중균존재,이지상/하량형결실의출현재단자협식물분지화쌍자협식물분지중,재피자식물기부류군(ANITA류군)중량충결실방식균불존재.해문대식물지하화지상/하량형결실적류형、계통진화、번식특성화확산대책진행료개소,병대기생태괄응의의진행료총결,이기위심입연구식물결실적진화책략제공삼고.
Geocarpy and amphicarpy are two special types of fruiting modes in angiosperms, and they occur mostly in terrestrial herbaceous plants. Geocarpous and amphicarpous species often occur in unstable habitats, where water or light is limiting, soil disturbance is frequent and environmental fluctuations are high. These two types of fruiting modes are important plant ecological adaptations that evolved via natural selection. The adaptive advantages of geocarpy include high survivorship of offspring in the favorable parental microhabitats, maintenance of seed viability in extreme environments, escape from herbivory and damage by fire and increase length of the developmental period of fruits. Amphicarpy is ecologically significant in that it reduces competition among siblings within the population, maintains and increases the size of the population in situ and increases the adaptability and evolutionary plasticity of the species. Thus, these two fruiting modes are considered adaptive strategies of species to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. However, their potential evolutionary disadvantages include limitation of seed or fruit dispersal, influence on gene transfer and thus population genetic structure and increase of population fragmentation and of reproductive costs, all of which can greatly impact the distribution of species, population increase, migration, fitness and life history evolution. Geocarpy has been reported in about 24 families and 57 genera and amphicarpy in 13 families and 34 genera of angiosperms. Moreover, both types of fruiting modes occur in species of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Phylogenetically, geocarpy occurs in the magnoliids, monocots and eudicots and amphicarpy in both monocots and eudicots, but neither mode has been reported in the basalmost angiosperms (ANITA clades).