农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2009年
12期
6-12
,共7页
刘钰%汪林%倪广恒%丛振涛
劉鈺%汪林%倪廣恆%叢振濤
류옥%왕림%예엄항%총진도
作物%灌溉%水资源%参照腾发量%作物需水量%净灌溉需水量%空间分布%灌溉需求指数
作物%灌溉%水資源%參照騰髮量%作物需水量%淨灌溉需水量%空間分佈%灌溉需求指數
작물%관개%수자원%삼조등발량%작물수수량%정관개수수량%공간분포%관개수구지수
crops%irrigation%water resources%reference evapotranspiration%crop water requirement%net irrigation water requirement%spatial distribution%irrigation requirement index
作物需水量和灌溉需水量的时空分布是科学地制定不同地区灌溉用水定额的依据.该文基于全国范围200多个气象站近30 a逐日的气象资料和不同地区作物牛育阶段的调杳统计资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith方法和作物系数法,计算了30种作物的需水量和净灌溉需水量,并用各地灌溉试验站的实测资料进行了检验.利用GIS的空间分析功能,采用反距离加权插值法得到主要作物多年平均作物需水量与净灌溉需水量的等值线图.选择种植面积最广的小麦、玉米、棉花和水稻4种作物,分析其作物需水量与净灌溉需水量的空间分布特征,得到不同地区主要作物的灌溉需求指数.研究表明:中国东北区、长江中下游区、华南区、川渝区和云贵区平均灌溉需求指数小于0.5,作物对灌溉的需求比较低;华北区、蒙宁区和晋陕甘区旱作物30%～50%的需水靠灌溉补充,水稻55%～80%的需水依靠灌溉:新疆地区主要作物的灌溉需求指数均在0.7以上,农业的发展完全依赖于灌溉.
作物需水量和灌溉需水量的時空分佈是科學地製定不同地區灌溉用水定額的依據.該文基于全國範圍200多箇氣象站近30 a逐日的氣象資料和不同地區作物牛育階段的調杳統計資料,採用FAO推薦的Penman-Monteith方法和作物繫數法,計算瞭30種作物的需水量和淨灌溉需水量,併用各地灌溉試驗站的實測資料進行瞭檢驗.利用GIS的空間分析功能,採用反距離加權插值法得到主要作物多年平均作物需水量與淨灌溉需水量的等值線圖.選擇種植麵積最廣的小麥、玉米、棉花和水稻4種作物,分析其作物需水量與淨灌溉需水量的空間分佈特徵,得到不同地區主要作物的灌溉需求指數.研究錶明:中國東北區、長江中下遊區、華南區、川渝區和雲貴區平均灌溉需求指數小于0.5,作物對灌溉的需求比較低;華北區、矇寧區和晉陝甘區旱作物30%～50%的需水靠灌溉補充,水稻55%～80%的需水依靠灌溉:新疆地區主要作物的灌溉需求指數均在0.7以上,農業的髮展完全依賴于灌溉.
작물수수량화관개수수량적시공분포시과학지제정불동지구관개용수정액적의거.해문기우전국범위200다개기상참근30 a축일적기상자료화불동지구작물우육계단적조묘통계자료,채용FAO추천적Penman-Monteith방법화작물계수법,계산료30충작물적수수량화정관개수수량,병용각지관개시험참적실측자료진행료검험.이용GIS적공간분석공능,채용반거리가권삽치법득도주요작물다년평균작물수수량여정관개수수량적등치선도.선택충식면적최엄적소맥、옥미、면화화수도4충작물,분석기작물수수량여정관개수수량적공간분포특정,득도불동지구주요작물적관개수구지수.연구표명:중국동북구、장강중하유구、화남구、천투구화운귀구평균관개수구지수소우0.5,작물대관개적수구비교저;화북구、몽저구화진협감구한작물30%～50%적수수고관개보충,수도55%～80%적수수의고관개:신강지구주요작물적관개수구지수균재0.7이상,농업적발전완전의뢰우관개.
Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop water requirement and irrigation requirement are the bases for determining the irrigation quota in different areas. Based on the daily meteorological data over the past 30years from more than 200 stations in China and the statistical data of crop growth stages from different areas, crop water requirement (ET_c) and net irrigation requirement (IR) of 30 kinds of crops were estimated by using FAOPenman-Monteith equation and crop coefficient method. The results were validated with the observed data form differentirrigation stations in different areas. Isolines of the average ET_c and IR of main crops were obtained by GIS and IDW interpolation methods. The spatial distribution characteristics of ET_c and IR for wheat, maize, cotton and rice were analyzed, which were the most widely planted crops in China. The irrigation requirement indexes of main crops in different areas were obtained by IR/ET_c. Results revealed that mean irrigation requirement index in Northeast China,middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China were generally less than 0.5, and the crop irrigation water requirement in these areas was not high. In North China Plain, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu, 30%-50% of the crop water requirements depended on irrigation for dryland crops; 55%-80% of water consumption came from irrigation for flee. In Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the irrigation requirement indexes of main crops were over 0.7, and the development of agriculture relied entirely on irrigation.
