CAJ | 학술논문

过去十年来频繁发生的几次极端洪涝灾害事件引发了人们对洞庭湖地区湿地资源保护、湿地生态系统服务与人类发展和社区生计之间关系的持续争论.本文根据2000-2008年间所获取的1683份系统问卷调查数据,从定量和定性的角度重点分析了洞庭湖区西畔山洲垸内的湿地合理利用和可持续管理等最佳实践及其社会经济效益,得出如下研究结论:(1)退田还湖后,在西畔山洲垸开展的基于社区的湿地资源合理利用活动在恢复、保护湿地的同时,大幅提高了社区经济收入和福利水平,同时又降低了社区应对粮食短缺、贫困、洪灾等方面的脆弱性,增强了社区可持续发展的自然资源基础;(2)社区妇女、年长的农民以及低收入群体从这些实践活动中获益较大;(3)自2000年开展上述合理利用活动以来,参与这些活动的家庭收入持续增加,比没参加活动的家庭获得了更高的收入,也拥有了更多的财产,而即使在2001年这些由外部主导的替代生计活动停止资助以后,其仍然对社区内的收入提高具有显著的累积贡献作用;(4)区域内社会组织结构发生积极变化,社区基层组织从无到有,社区参与共管、自治能力以及社区居民的环保意识都得到了大幅提高,社区自我发展的能力已经形成.目前,越来越多的周边社区居民已经加入有机柑橘、有机蔬菜等有机农业生产活动或对加入表示出极大的兴趣;(5)生计水平提高的原因可以归结为当地社区的自我驱动和积极参与、国家政策机遇、公私合作的伙伴关系( PPP)的建立、社区基层组织建设以及适应性管理方法的应用等.
과거십년래빈번발생적궤차겁단홍로재해사건인발료인문대동정호지구습지자원보호、습지생태계통복무여인류발전화사구생계지간관계적지속쟁론.본문근거2000-2008년간소획취적1683빈계통문권조사수거,종정량화정성적각도중점분석료동정호구서반산주완내적습지합리이용화가지속관리등최가실천급기사회경제효익,득출여하연구결론:(1)퇴전환호후,재서반산주완개전적기우사구적습지자원합리이용활동재회복、보호습지적동시,대폭제고료사구경제수입화복이수평,동시우강저료사구응대양식단결、빈곤、홍재등방면적취약성,증강료사구가지속발전적자연자원기출;(2)사구부녀、년장적농민이급저수입군체종저사실천활동중획익교대;(3)자2000년개전상술합리이용활동이래,삼여저사활동적가정수입지속증가,비몰삼가활동적가정획득료경고적수입,야옹유료경다적재산,이즉사재2001년저사유외부주도적체대생계활동정지자조이후,기잉연대사구내적수입제고구유현저적루적공헌작용;(4)구역내사회조직결구발생적겁변화,사구기층조직종무도유,사구삼여공관、자치능력이급사구거민적배보의식도득도료대폭제고,사구자아발전적능력이경형성.목전,월래월다적주변사구거민이경가입유궤감귤、유궤소채등유궤농업생산활동혹대가입표시출겁대적흥취;(5)생계수평제고적원인가이귀결위당지사구적자아구동화적겁삼여、국가정책궤우、공사합작적화반관계( PPP)적건립、사구기층조직건설이급괄응성관리방법적응용등.
The frequent occurrence of extreme flood events in the late 1990s and the past decade has brought about an ongoing debate on the relationships between wetland resources,wetland ecosystem services,and human development and livelihoods of communities in the Dongting Lake area.This paper is prepared for analysing the best practices in wise-use and sustainable management of wetland and their socioeconomic benefits in Polder Xipanshanzhou in Dongting Lake.The quantitative (monetary values) and qualitative socioeconomic data of 1683 samples from questionnaire surveys during 2000 to 2008 were used for this study,of which 1173 were obtained in Polder Xipanshanzhou.Five conclusions are drawn from the study:(i) the community-based alternative activities and wise-use in Polder Xipanshanzhou after “Returning Farmland to Lake” (RFL) resulted in more income,increased well-being,reduced vulnerability to food shortage,poverty and flooding,and more sustainable use of the natural resource base; (ii) women,elder farmers,and low-income groups benefited much more from these activities; (iii) livelihood continued to improve as compared with that when the project started in 2000,and project participating households earned more income and owned more properties than non-project households.Even after the external funding stopped in 2001,its positive accumulated effects have still been significantly contributing to the improvement of livelihoods of this community; (iv) social structures within Polder Xipanshanzhou have been evolving in a positive way,community-based grass-roots organizations have emerged and developed well,and the capacities of community-based participatory co-management,self-governing and selfdevelopment,as well as local awareness of environmental issues have been improving,which attract more local people to be interested in such wise-use activities; and (v) the success can be attributed to the mobilization of local communities,favorable national policies,Public-Private Partnership (PPP),institutional arrangements in local communities,and adaptive management and innovative approaches.