CAJ | 학술논문

由于气温的变化,原来属于夏季繁殖鸟的国家一级保护鸟类黑鹳(Ciconia nigra),在北京市出现了越冬群体.为了解黑鹳的越冬生态特点,从2004年1月到2009年3月,在北京十渡水生动物自然保护区,对其种群数量、生境选择、取食规律和集群行为进行了实地调查.结果显示,黑鹳选择该保护区的拒马河作为其越冬地,种群数量从2004-2005年冬季的28只下降到2007-2008年的17只,但随后恢复到了23只.越冬群体于11月中旬形成,次年3月中旬分散,但群体形成受到温度变化的影响.黑鹳对取食生境具有依赖性,主要食物为鱼类(＞92.4%).成年和亚成年黑鹳的食物构成没有差异(Mann-Whitney Utest,U=1.00,p=0.44).在越冬初期,取食活动主要发生在早晨和中午,越冬中期则集中于下午,而在越冬后期,分为清晨和傍晚两个取食阶段.按照每日取食6 h计算,成年黑鹳的每日进食量约538 g,亚成年个体约449 g,与人工饲养条件下黑鹳的饲喂量相近.在越冬后期,观察到取食过程中群体内部存在争斗行为.对越冬黑鹳的干扰主要来自旅游活动对取食生境的改变、人为筑坝提高水位、在滩涂开辟新的旅游场地减少了适于黑鹳取食的空间.
유우기온적변화,원래속우하계번식조적국가일급보호조류흑관(Ciconia nigra),재북경시출현료월동군체.위료해흑관적월동생태특점,종2004년1월도2009년3월,재북경십도수생동물자연보호구,대기충군수량、생경선택、취식규률화집군행위진행료실지조사.결과현시,흑관선택해보호구적거마하작위기월동지,충군수량종2004-2005년동계적28지하강도2007-2008년적17지,단수후회복도료23지.월동군체우11월중순형성,차년3월중순분산,단군체형성수도온도변화적영향.흑관대취식생경구유의뢰성,주요식물위어류(＞92.4%).성년화아성년흑관적식물구성몰유차이(Mann-Whitney Utest,U=1.00,p=0.44).재월동초기,취식활동주요발생재조신화중오,월동중기칙집중우하오,이재월동후기,분위청신화방만량개취식계단.안조매일취식6 h계산,성년흑관적매일진식량약538 g,아성년개체약449 g,여인공사양조건하흑관적사위량상근.재월동후기,관찰도취식과정중군체내부존재쟁두행위.대월동흑관적간우주요래자여유활동대취식생경적개변、인위축패제고수위、재탄도개벽신적여유장지감소료괄우흑관취식적공간.
The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) is a new winter resident in Beijing due to temperature changes.To understand the wintering ecology of this species better, a field survey covering the number of birds of this population, habitat selection, feeding activity and grouping behavior was conducted at the Shidu Nature Reserve from January 2004 to March 2009. The results show that the Black Stork selected the Juma River at this nature reserve as their new winter habitat. The number of birds in this population decreased from 28 in the 2004/2005 winter to 17 in the 2007/2008 winter with a subsequent recovery to 23 the following year. The wintering flock was formed in mid-November and dispersed in mid-March, but the date changed with seasonal temperature fluctuations. The storks exhibited feeding habitat fidelity and the main food type was fish (＞ 92.4%). There was no significant variation in food composition between adults and sub-adults (Mann-Whitney U test, U = 1.00, p = 0.44). Feeding activity occurred in the morning and at noon during early winter, but concentrated in the afternoon during mid winter, divided into dawn and dusk in late winter. Daily fish intake was 538 g for adults and 449 g for sub-adults if the period of foraging reached six hours in the wild, which was similar to the level under artificial feeding. Agonistic behavior among feeding birds was observed among group members in late winter. The main negative factor for wintering Black Stork was a reduced feeding habitat resulting from increased water depth due to damming of the river to benefit tourism and to wetland exploitation.