中华劳动卫生职业病杂志
中華勞動衛生職業病雜誌
중화노동위생직업병잡지
CHINESE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
2010年
4期
280-285
,共6页
张敏%祁成%陈卫红%鲁洋%杜燮祎%李文捷%孟传三
張敏%祁成%陳衛紅%魯洋%杜燮祎%李文捷%孟傳三
장민%기성%진위홍%로양%두섭의%리문첩%맹전삼
铸造%工作场所%粉尘%高温%职业卫生%危险因素
鑄造%工作場所%粉塵%高溫%職業衛生%危險因素
주조%공작장소%분진%고온%직업위생%위험인소
Foundry%Workplace%Dust%Hyperthermicl%Occupational health%Rish factors
目的 系统研究铸造作业职业性有害因素的特点,为职业流行病学研究和铸造作业职业性有害因素控制提供基础数据.方法 收集1978至2008年某铸造厂作业环境中粉尘、化学性职业有害因素和物理性职业有害因素浓度及强度的定期检测资料并补充测定作业环境中呼吸性粉尘及其他有害物质浓度.计算其平均浓度和强度(几何均数),统计分析不同年份职业性有害因素在各工种的分布特点.结果 该厂主要职业性有害因素是矽尘、金属烟雾、噪声和高温.主要工种均接触矽尘,矽尘平均浓度1986年前高达8.6 mg/m~3,自1986年起呈较大幅度下降,1986至1989年矽尘浓度均数为2.4 mg/m~3,1990至2002年为2.7 mg/m~3,2003至2008年为2.7 mg/m~3.各工种矽尘浓度的变化趋势与总体趋势一致.熔化工种矽尘浓度最高(4.4mg/m~3),其次是清理(3.4mg/m~3)和浇注工种(3.4mg/m~3),配砂、造型制芯工种矽尘浓度分别为2.4、2.1和1.7mg/m~3.呼吸性矽尘浓度以浇注工种为最高(2.76mg/m~3),其次是清理工种(1.14 mg/m~3).熔化3-种作业环境中石棉粉尘平均浓度高达2.0mg/m~3制芯和配砂工种作业环境中主要存在胶粘剂释放产物,分别为氨(5.84mg/m~3)、甲醛(0.60mg/m~3)、苯酚(1.73mg/m~3).也存在酚醛树脂(1.3 mg/m~3).清理工种作业环境中主要存在苯及其同系化合物,苯、甲苯、二甲苯的平均浓度分别为0.2、0.1、1.3 mg/m~3.浇注和熔化工种作业环境中主要存在苯并(a)芘、金属烟雾(铅、镉、锰、镍、铬)和气体(硫化氢、磷化氢、二氧化硫、一氧化碳等).苯并(a)芘浓度偏低(1.80×10~(-4)μg/m~3).铸造作业环境中物理性职业有害因素主要有噪声、高温、振动.高温主要存在于熔化、浇注及清理工种,平均温度分别为30、29和26℃.噪声强度均值以清理[93.1 dB(A)]及制芯[89.5 dB(A)]工种较高.振动主要存在于制芯和清理工种.不良体位包括长时间的站位、坐位和弯腰.结论 铸造作业环境中职业性有害因素种类复杂、多种有害因素浓度超标,呈现高浓度粉尘、高浓度金属烟雾、多种低浓度化学性职业有害因素、高强度噪声及振动、高温、不良体位等职业性有害因素共存.应该加强控制和防护.
目的 繫統研究鑄造作業職業性有害因素的特點,為職業流行病學研究和鑄造作業職業性有害因素控製提供基礎數據.方法 收集1978至2008年某鑄造廠作業環境中粉塵、化學性職業有害因素和物理性職業有害因素濃度及彊度的定期檢測資料併補充測定作業環境中呼吸性粉塵及其他有害物質濃度.計算其平均濃度和彊度(幾何均數),統計分析不同年份職業性有害因素在各工種的分佈特點.結果 該廠主要職業性有害因素是矽塵、金屬煙霧、譟聲和高溫.主要工種均接觸矽塵,矽塵平均濃度1986年前高達8.6 mg/m~3,自1986年起呈較大幅度下降,1986至1989年矽塵濃度均數為2.4 mg/m~3,1990至2002年為2.7 mg/m~3,2003至2008年為2.7 mg/m~3.各工種矽塵濃度的變化趨勢與總體趨勢一緻.鎔化工種矽塵濃度最高(4.4mg/m~3),其次是清理(3.4mg/m~3)和澆註工種(3.4mg/m~3),配砂、造型製芯工種矽塵濃度分彆為2.4、2.1和1.7mg/m~3.呼吸性矽塵濃度以澆註工種為最高(2.76mg/m~3),其次是清理工種(1.14 mg/m~3).鎔化3-種作業環境中石棉粉塵平均濃度高達2.0mg/m~3製芯和配砂工種作業環境中主要存在膠粘劑釋放產物,分彆為氨(5.84mg/m~3)、甲醛(0.60mg/m~3)、苯酚(1.73mg/m~3).也存在酚醛樹脂(1.3 mg/m~3).清理工種作業環境中主要存在苯及其同繫化閤物,苯、甲苯、二甲苯的平均濃度分彆為0.2、0.1、1.3 mg/m~3.澆註和鎔化工種作業環境中主要存在苯併(a)芘、金屬煙霧(鉛、鎘、錳、鎳、鉻)和氣體(硫化氫、燐化氫、二氧化硫、一氧化碳等).苯併(a)芘濃度偏低(1.80×10~(-4)μg/m~3).鑄造作業環境中物理性職業有害因素主要有譟聲、高溫、振動.高溫主要存在于鎔化、澆註及清理工種,平均溫度分彆為30、29和26℃.譟聲彊度均值以清理[93.1 dB(A)]及製芯[89.5 dB(A)]工種較高.振動主要存在于製芯和清理工種.不良體位包括長時間的站位、坐位和彎腰.結論 鑄造作業環境中職業性有害因素種類複雜、多種有害因素濃度超標,呈現高濃度粉塵、高濃度金屬煙霧、多種低濃度化學性職業有害因素、高彊度譟聲及振動、高溫、不良體位等職業性有害因素共存.應該加彊控製和防護.
목적 계통연구주조작업직업성유해인소적특점,위직업류행병학연구화주조작업직업성유해인소공제제공기출수거.방법 수집1978지2008년모주조엄작업배경중분진、화학성직업유해인소화물이성직업유해인소농도급강도적정기검측자료병보충측정작업배경중호흡성분진급기타유해물질농도.계산기평균농도화강도(궤하균수),통계분석불동년빈직업성유해인소재각공충적분포특점.결과 해엄주요직업성유해인소시석진、금속연무、조성화고온.주요공충균접촉석진,석진평균농도1986년전고체8.6 mg/m~3,자1986년기정교대폭도하강,1986지1989년석진농도균수위2.4 mg/m~3,1990지2002년위2.7 mg/m~3,2003지2008년위2.7 mg/m~3.각공충석진농도적변화추세여총체추세일치.용화공충석진농도최고(4.4mg/m~3),기차시청리(3.4mg/m~3)화요주공충(3.4mg/m~3),배사、조형제심공충석진농도분별위2.4、2.1화1.7mg/m~3.호흡성석진농도이요주공충위최고(2.76mg/m~3),기차시청리공충(1.14 mg/m~3).용화3-충작업배경중석면분진평균농도고체2.0mg/m~3제심화배사공충작업배경중주요존재효점제석방산물,분별위안(5.84mg/m~3)、갑철(0.60mg/m~3)、분분(1.73mg/m~3).야존재분철수지(1.3 mg/m~3).청리공충작업배경중주요존재분급기동계화합물,분、갑분、이갑분적평균농도분별위0.2、0.1、1.3 mg/m~3.요주화용화공충작업배경중주요존재분병(a)비、금속연무(연、력、맹、얼、락)화기체(류화경、린화경、이양화류、일양화탄등).분병(a)비농도편저(1.80×10~(-4)μg/m~3).주조작업배경중물이성직업유해인소주요유조성、고온、진동.고온주요존재우용화、요주급청리공충,평균온도분별위30、29화26℃.조성강도균치이청리[93.1 dB(A)]급제심[89.5 dB(A)]공충교고.진동주요존재우제심화청리공충.불량체위포괄장시간적참위、좌위화만요.결론 주조작업배경중직업성유해인소충류복잡、다충유해인소농도초표,정현고농도분진、고농도금속연무、다충저농도화학성직업유해인소、고강도조성급진동、고온、불량체위등직업성유해인소공존.응해가강공제화방호.
Objective To analyze systematically the characteristics of occupational hazards in the foundry,and provide precise data for epidemiology studies and control of occupational hazards in the foundnr.Methods Data of airborne dust,chemical occupational hazards and physical occupational agents in environ-ment in the foundry from 1 978 to 2008 were dynamically collected.Mean concentration and intensity (geo-metric mean)of occupational hazards were calculated by job in different years.Results Main occupationalhazards in the foundry were silica,metal fume,noise and heat stress.Silica existed in all of main iobs.Themean concentration of silica before 1986 was an extremely high level of 8.6 mg/m~3.and then remarkably dropped after 1986,with the level of 2.4 mg/m~3 from 1986 to 1989,2.7 mg/m~3 from 1990 to 2002 and 2.7 mg/m~3 from 2003 to 2008.The trend of silica concentrations by iob was consistent with that in general.Silica concen-tratlons among jobs were significantly different,with highest level in melting(4.4 mg/m~3).followed by cast shakeout and finishing(3.4 mg/m~3),pouring(3.4 mdm~3),sand preparation(2.4 mg/m~3),moulding(2.1 mg/m~3)and core-making(1.7 mg/m~3).Concentration of respirable dust in pouring was highest(2.76 mg/m~3),foliowedby cast shakeout and finishing(1.14 mg/m~3).Mean concentration of asbestos dust in melting was a relative high level of 2.0 ms/m~3.In core-making and sand preparation,there existed emission production of adhesive,with mean concentrations as followed,ammonia(5.84 ms/m~3),formaldehyde(O.60 mg/m~3),phenol(1.73 mg/m~3)and phenol formaldehyde resin(1.3 mg/m~3)also existed.Benzene and its homologues existed in cast shakeout and finishing,and the level of benzene,toluene,xylene was 0.2 mg/m~3,0.1 mg/m~3and 1.3 mg/m~3,re-spectively.In pouring and melting.there existed chemical occupational hazards,lncluding benzo(a)pyrene,metal fume(lead,cadmium,manganese,nickel,chromium)and gas(hydrogen sulfide,phosphine,sulfur diox-ide.carbon monoxide).Mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was a low level of 1.80×1O~(-4)μg/m~3.Physical occupational agents in the foundry were noise,heat stress and vibration.Intensity of heat stress was hign in mehing,pouring and cast shakeout and finishing,with the level of 30℃,29℃ and 26℃,respectively.Noise was high in cast shakeout and finishing and core-making,with the level of 93.1 dB(A)and 89.5 dB(A),re-spectively.Vibration existed in core-making and cast shakeout and finishing.Compulsory postures included long standing.seating and bowing.Conclusion Occupational hazards in environment of the ibundry are di-versified and their concentrations exceed permissible exposure limits stipulated by the national occupational hygienic standards.High-concentrations of dust,metal fume,low-concentrations of vanety of chemicals,hign-intensitv of noise and vibration,heat stress,and harmful compulsory posture,and so on all co-exist in the foundry.Control and protective measures should be strengthened.
