CAJ | 학술논문

水分和氮素运筹是提高作物产量的重要措施.为了研究不同灌水条件下常规尿素和控释尿素用量对玉米各生育期土壤含水率、籽粒灌浆速率和水分利用效率的影响,该文选用了常规尿素和控释尿素2种类型,施N量各设75和 150 kg/hm~2 2个水平,以不施氮为对照;水分设置全生育期不灌水、浇85 mm灌浆水2个水平,随机区组设计.结果表明:相同灌水条件和施氮水平下,与常规尿素相比,控释尿素处理0～140 cm土层土壤含水率在玉米小口期前较高,而收获期却较低,实现了土壤水分的"前贮后用".相同灌水条件和施氮水平下,与常规尿素相比,控释尿素处理玉米籽粒灌浆速率、总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率均显著提高.增加施N量显著提高总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率.与不灌溉相比,灌溉降低了玉米的总水分利用效率,但提高了玉米籽粒灌浆速率和籽粒产量.与常规尿素相比,控释尿素与水分对总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率的耦合效应更显著,利于高产与水分高效利用的同步.进一步分析表明,土壤水分的"前贮后用"和较高的灌浆速率是控释尿素能提高玉米总水分利用效率和灌溉水增产效率的重要原因.这对半湿润地区玉米节水高产栽培有重要参考价值.
수분화담소운주시제고작물산량적중요조시.위료연구불동관수조건하상규뇨소화공석뇨소용량대옥미각생육기토양함수솔、자립관장속솔화수분이용효솔적영향,해문선용료상규뇨소화공석뇨소2충류형,시N량각설75화 150 kg/hm~2 2개수평,이불시담위대조;수분설치전생육기불관수、요85 mm관장수2개수평,수궤구조설계.결과표명:상동관수조건화시담수평하,여상규뇨소상비,공석뇨소처리0～140 cm토층토양함수솔재옥미소구기전교고,이수획기각교저,실현료토양수분적"전저후용".상동관수조건화시담수평하,여상규뇨소상비,공석뇨소처리옥미자립관장속솔、총수분이용효솔화관개수증산효솔균현저제고.증가시N량현저제고총수분이용효솔화관개수증산효솔.여불관개상비,관개강저료옥미적총수분이용효솔,단제고료옥미자립관장속솔화자립산량.여상규뇨소상비,공석뇨소여수분대총수분이용효솔화관개수증산효솔적우합효응경현저,리우고산여수분고효이용적동보.진일보분석표명,토양수분적"전저후용"화교고적관장속솔시공석뇨소능제고옥미총수분이용효솔화관개수증산효솔적중요원인.저대반습윤지구옥미절수고산재배유중요삼고개치.
Water and nitrogen managements are both very important to increase crop yields. For the sake of discussing the effects of irrigation and urea types (normal urea and controlled release urea) on soil water content, kernel filling rate and water use efficiency of maize (Zea Mays L.), an experiment was carried out in a randomized design. Each urea type was used at two nitrogen levels, which were 75 kg/hm~2 and 150 kg/hm~2, with no nitrogen used as control respectively. Two irrigation levels, no irrigation in the whole growth duration and irrigated 85 mm at grain filling stage, were designed. The results showed that, at the same level of irrigation and nitrogen, soil water contents in 0-140 cm layer of maize applied with controlled release urea (CU) were higher (P<0.05) at pre-tasselling stage, but lower at maturity stage, than those applied with normal urea (NU), which can be named as an effect of "store water at early stage in soil and use it at late stage (SEUL)". Compared with NU, CU could significantly increase kernel filling rate, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield increased efficiency by irrigation (IEI). WUE and IEI of the treatments applying nitrogen at 150 kg/hm~2 were higher than those applying at 75 kg/hm~2. Compared to no irrigation, irrigation reduced the WUE, but increased kernel filling rate and grain yield. CU coupling effect with soil water was higher than that of NU, which could increase the yield and WUE of maize simultaneously. Further analysis of the results showed that, the increases of WUE and IEI of CU were mainly resulted from SEUL effect and higher kernel filling rate. This research provides academic and instructive meanings for high yield and water use efficiency of maize in subhumid regions.