CAJ | 학술논문

滨海盐沼是广泛存在于世界中、高纬度地区的一种湿地生态系统,具有抵御风暴潮灾害、净化污染物和为珍稀濒危生物提供适宜生境等重要的生态和经济价值.滨海盐沼因随高程变化而急剧变化的环境梯度和植物带状分布现象而为生态学者阐释自然界物种的分布机制提供了理想系统.主要概述了滨海盐沼的定义、特点、类型、全球分布以及潮汐作用、土壤盐度等环境因子特征;阐述了不同尺度下滨海盐沼的植物群落分布和多样性特征.在滨海盐沼植物群落的分布特征上,重点阐述了中尺度下的植物带状分布.即植物群落往往在自海向陆渐高的不同高程梯度上表现出显著的分带分布,不同植物各自占据该梯度上的一定区域.通常认为,带状分布是植物竞争和物理性胁迫共同调控的结果,但其在不同地理区域的普适性仍存争议.滨海植物群落多样性往往较低,在中、小尺度上盐沼植物多样性受控于盐度、潮汐等物理性胁迫、植物间相互作用等因子的作用;在大尺度上盐沼植物多样性可能随纬度增大而增加.系统深入地认识滨海盐沼植物群落生态格局和过程,将为气候变化、生物入侵等人类影响下的滨海盐沼生态系统的管理和恢复提供有益经验.
빈해염소시엄범존재우세계중、고위도지구적일충습지생태계통,구유저어풍폭조재해、정화오염물화위진희빈위생물제공괄의생경등중요적생태화경제개치.빈해염소인수고정변화이급극변화적배경제도화식물대상분포현상이위생태학자천석자연계물충적분포궤제제공료이상계통.주요개술료빈해염소적정의、특점、류형、전구분포이급조석작용、토양염도등배경인자특정;천술료불동척도하빈해염소적식물군락분포화다양성특정.재빈해염소식물군락적분포특정상,중점천술료중척도하적식물대상분포.즉식물군락왕왕재자해향륙점고적불동고정제도상표현출현저적분대분포,불동식물각자점거해제도상적일정구역.통상인위,대상분포시식물경쟁화물이성협박공동조공적결과,단기재불동지리구역적보괄성잉존쟁의.빈해식물군락다양성왕왕교저,재중、소척도상염소식물다양성수공우염도、조석등물이성협박、식물간상호작용등인자적작용;재대척도상염소식물다양성가능수위도증대이증가.계통심입지인식빈해염소식물군락생태격국화과정,장위기후변화、생물입침등인류영향하적빈해염소생태계통적관리화회복제공유익경험.
Coastal salt marshes widely distributed at middle and high latitudes of the world are ecologically and economically im-portant for storm buffering, pollutant filtering and providing habitats for rare and endangered species. With striking plant zonation patterns across steep environmental gradients, coastal salt marshes have been considered as ideal systems to investigate mechanisms of species distribution in natural habitats. The present paper introduced the definitions, characteristics, types and global distribution of coastal salt marshes and patterns of environmental factors, such as soil salinity and tidal flooding in salt marshes, and summarized characteristics of plant distribution and diversity at different spatial scales in coastal salt marshes. In salt marshes, plant communities at mesoscale often exhibited pronounced zonation patterns across elevations from the sea to the upland border, with each species dominating a special zone. Such zonation was generally believed to be a product of mediation of both physical stress and plant com-petition; however, the generality of this paradigm at different geographical sites has been questioned. Plant diversity in salt marshes was generally low, which was suggested to be controlled by physical stressors and plant interactions at free scales and to increase with increasing latitudes at coarse scales. In future, a more comprehensive knowledge of patterns and processes of salt marsh plant communities will benefit management and restoration of coastal salt marshes which have been being challenged by increasing human impacts, such as climate change, biological invasions and etc.