CAJ | 학술논문

　　作物需水量是科学确定灌溉时期和灌溉量的重要依据。该文基于中国冬小麦种植区22个省（市、自治区）356个气象站点的气候资料以及冬小麦生育期资料，采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数计算了中国冬小麦1961-2010年全生育期及不同生育阶段的需水量，明确了研究区域内冬小麦需水量的空间分布特征和年代际变化特征，并结合降水量时空分布特征，综合分析冬小麦生长季内水分满足情况。研究结果表明：除播种-越冬（出苗）生育阶段冬小麦降水量空间分布特征不明显外，全生育期及各生育阶段冬小麦降水量空间分布特征均为东南沿海地区高西北内陆地区低的分布特征；除返青（出苗）-拔节生育阶段冬小麦需水量空间分布特征不明显外，全生育期及其他各生育阶段空间分布特征均呈西北高东南低的分布趋势；冬小麦全生育期和各生育阶段需水量近50 a来均呈下降趋势，尤其是全生育期及开花-成熟生育阶段内需水量下降趋势更明显，返青（出苗）-拔节生育阶段下降速率较少；若不考虑灌溉条件，从全国尺度来看，华南冬麦区和长江下游冬麦区水分满足情况较好，其他区域冬小麦各个生育阶段的降水条件均不能满足水分需求。比较各区域典型站点冬小麦水分满足情况，北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、新疆冬春麦区和西南冬麦区水分亏缺比较严重，比较水分亏缺严重区域的冬小麦各个生育阶段的水分满足情况看出，相对水分亏缺程度较轻的为播种-越冬生育阶段，开花-成熟生育阶段冬小麦的水分亏缺程度最严重，该生育阶段是决定冬小麦千粒重的关键期，有灌溉条件地区适时灌溉，对保证高产稳产具有重要意义。
　　작물수수량시과학학정관개시기화관개량적중요의거。해문기우중국동소맥충식구22개성（시、자치구）356개기상참점적기후자료이급동소맥생육기자료，채용FAO추천적Penman-Monteith공식화작물계수계산료중국동소맥1961-2010년전생육기급불동생육계단적수수량，명학료연구구역내동소맥수수량적공간분포특정화년대제변화특정，병결합강수량시공분포특정，종합분석동소맥생장계내수분만족정황。연구결과표명：제파충-월동（출묘）생육계단동소맥강수량공간분포특정불명현외，전생육기급각생육계단동소맥강수량공간분포특정균위동남연해지구고서북내륙지구저적분포특정；제반청（출묘）-발절생육계단동소맥수수량공간분포특정불명현외，전생육기급기타각생육계단공간분포특정균정서북고동남저적분포추세；동소맥전생육기화각생육계단수수량근50 a래균정하강추세，우기시전생육기급개화-성숙생육계단내수수량하강추세경명현，반청（출묘）-발절생육계단하강속솔교소；약불고필관개조건，종전국척도래간，화남동맥구화장강하유동맥구수분만족정황교호，기타구역동소맥각개생육계단적강수조건균불능만족수분수구。비교각구역전형참점동소맥수분만족정황，북부동맥구、황회동맥구、신강동춘맥구화서남동맥구수분우결비교엄중，비교수분우결엄중구역적동소맥각개생육계단적수분만족정황간출，상대수분우결정도교경적위파충-월동생육계단，개화-성숙생육계단동소맥적수분우결정도최엄중，해생육계단시결정동소맥천립중적관건기，유관개조건지구괄시관개，대보증고산은산구유중요의의。
Crop water requirement (ETC) is the basis for farmland water management and irrigation.Based on the meteorological data from 356 stations of 22 provinces (cities、and autonomous regions) and the data of the growth period of the winter planting area in China, the water requirement (ETC) of winter wheat of the whole growing period and different growth stages during 1961-2010 in China were estimated by using FAO Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficient method, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ETC were cleared. Combined with the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation, the water-meeting situation of winter wheat during the growing season was analysed. Results revealed that the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation of the whole growing period and different growth stages of winter wheat were all significant which were higher in the southeast coast areas and lower in the northwest areas except the growth stage of sowing to over wintering (emergence). Except during the growth stage of turning green (emergence) to jointing, the spatial distribution characteristics of ETC of the whole growing period and different growth stages of winter wheat were all significant, which were higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The ETC of winter wheat of the whole growing period and different growth stages were decreased over nearly the past 50 years, especially the whole growing period and the growth stage of flowering-to-ripening. The growth stage of turning green (emergence) to jointing decreased the slowest. From the national average angle, except for the regions of Huanan and the lower reaches of Yangtze River where the conditions of water-meeting were better, the precipitation of the whole growing period and different growth stages of winter wheat can not meet the demand of water in other regions, ignoring the irrigation conditions. Comparing the water-meeting of winter wheat of the typical stations of different regions, the water deficit is most serious in the winter wheat regions of the North, the Huanghuai, Xinjiang and the Southwest,. By comparing the water deficit of the most serious areas, the growth stage of the water deficit of the least seriously is from sowing to over wintering and the growth stage of the water deficit of the most seriously is from flowering to ripening, which is the most important stage for the grain weight of winter wheat, So timely irrigation is very important if conditions permit, which is the key to ensure a high and stable yield.