CAJ | 학술논문

对退化草地进行合理休牧已成为当前退化草地生态恢复与重建的有效措施之一。退化草地通过实施休牧措施，对草地地上植被和凋落物及对地下植物根系和土壤等方面产生直接的影响。从植物群落特征变化看，群落高度、密度、盖度随休牧时期的延长主要有3种变化趋势：增加；先增加后降低；先显著降低后显著升高、再显著降低。从群落生物量看，休牧可显著提高草地生产力，地上生物量随季节的变化呈“S”型增长曲线，凋落物量呈“W”型动态变化，对植物地下生物量的增加有促进作用。随着休牧年限增加，禾本科、豆科植物等优良牧草显著增加，菊科植物、杂类草、藜科、有毒有害植物在草群中的比重有所下降。休牧对土壤的恢复效果明显，土壤表层粘粒和粉粒比例总体呈上升趋势，容重随休牧年限的延长先降低后升高，含水量增加，土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及速效氮、磷、钾含量均有所提高；土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶、蛋白酶活性均有不同程度的增加，氧化酶-多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性则降低；微生物量提高；草原土壤种子库植物种类和数量增加；从休牧对草地碳储量影响来看，休牧使土壤有机碳含量有明显的增加。但休牧时间过长，也不利于植被的正常发育和更新。为了能够更好地为制定科学的草原休牧策略服务，建议今后应加强休牧对退化草地植物多样性和生产力的影响，休牧对退化草地土壤种子库影响，不同类型、不同退化程度以及不同利用方式草地合理休牧季节、休牧期长短和休牧年限的研究。
대퇴화초지진행합리휴목이성위당전퇴화초지생태회복여중건적유효조시지일。퇴화초지통과실시휴목조시，대초지지상식피화조락물급대지하식물근계화토양등방면산생직접적영향。종식물군락특정변화간，군락고도、밀도、개도수휴목시기적연장주요유3충변화추세：증가；선증가후강저；선현저강저후현저승고、재현저강저。종군락생물량간，휴목가현저제고초지생산력，지상생물량수계절적변화정“S”형증장곡선，조락물량정“W”형동태변화，대식물지하생물량적증가유촉진작용。수착휴목년한증가，화본과、두과식물등우량목초현저증가，국과식물、잡류초、려과、유독유해식물재초군중적비중유소하강。휴목대토양적회복효과명현，토양표층점립화분립비례총체정상승추세，용중수휴목년한적연장선강저후승고，함수량증가，토양유궤질、전담、전린、전갑급속효담、린、갑함량균유소제고；토양뇨매、린산단지매、탈경매、단백매활성균유불동정도적증가，양화매-다분양화매화과양화경매활성칙강저；미생물량제고；초원토양충자고식물충류화수량증가；종휴목대초지탄저량영향래간，휴목사토양유궤탄함량유명현적증가。단휴목시간과장，야불리우식피적정상발육화경신。위료능구경호지위제정과학적초원휴목책략복무，건의금후응가강휴목대퇴화초지식물다양성화생산력적영향，휴목대퇴화초지토양충자고영향，불동류형、불동퇴화정도이급불동이용방식초지합리휴목계절、휴목기장단화휴목년한적연구。
Rest-grazing has become one of the most important measures currently for ecological restoration and reconstruction of degraded grassland. Rest-grazing can affect the aboveground vegetation, litters, roots and soil of the grassland ecological system directly. From the plant community characteristics, with the rest grazing periods prolonged, the height, density and coverage of the community mainly have three kinds of change trends:increase;first increased and then decreased;significantly reduced, significantly increased after, and then significantly re-duced. From the community biomasses, rest-grazing can significantly increase the grassland productivity, the above-ground biomass with the change of season is"S"type growth curve, litters content is"W"type, the increase of the underground biomass has a role in promoting accel-erating the grassland vegetation repair and renewal, increasing plant species diversity and the proportion of good grasses, along with the forbs, poisonous and harmful plants in grass community dropped;Meanwhile, the influence of rest-grazing on the soil physical and chemical charac-teristics is obvious, mechanical composition of the surface soil changed, bulk density first decrease and then increase with the rest grazing pe-riods extended, and water content increase;soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and available nutrient (avail-able nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium ) content all improved;the activity of soil urease, phosphomonoesterase, dehydroge-nase and protease increase in different degrees, the activity of oxidase-polyphenol oxidase and catalase reduce, microbial biomass increase. The plant species and quantity in soil seed bank increase. From the view of the effects of rest-grazing on the organic carbon storage, rest-grazing significantly increase soil organic carbon content. Nevertheless rest-grazing for a long time is also not beneficial to the normal devel-opment and renewal of the vegetation. In order to be able to serve better for making scientific rest-grazing strategies, the research on the ef-fects of rest-grazing on grassland plant diversity, productivity and soil seed bank should be further strengthened in the future. The research on the reasonable season and the periods for rest-grazing of different types, different degree of degradation and different utilization way of grass-lands should also be strengthened.