CAJ | 학술논문

为了解生物质炭的施用对土壤本身碳、氮、磷循环的影响,选择不同酸碱度的3种土壤,设置对照(不施生物质炭和肥料)、施生物质炭、单施肥料及同时施生物质炭和肥料等4个处理,研究了施用生物质炭对土壤碳、氮、磷的转化与形态的影响。结果表明,施用生物质炭增加了土壤的 pH 值,在酸性土壤上尤为明显。施用生物质炭显著地提高了供试3种土壤的有机碳积累,降低了酸性和中性土壤中的水溶性有机碳,促进了土壤微生物生物量碳的提高,降低了易氧化有机碳占总有机碳的比例,轻微增加了土壤中胡敏酸与富里酸的比值(humic/fulvic acids,H/F)。施生物质炭可降低土壤中的 NH 4+-N 含量,有利于氮素向缓效态转化,防止氮素淋失；但它可增加土壤中 NH 3的挥发损失,对 NH 3挥发损失的影响在酸性土壤中小于中性和石灰性土壤。施生物质炭可提高土壤中的总磷含量,在未施肥料磷的土壤施用生物质炭增加了土壤水溶性磷的比例,但在施肥料磷的土壤中施用生物质炭却降低了土壤水溶性磷的比例；施生物质炭可增加土壤中 NaHCO 3-IP 和 NaHCO 3-OP 等生物有效态磷在总磷中的比例,降低了 NaOH-IP 和残余态磷的比例,明显增加了 HCl-P 的比例。研究认为,施用生物质炭可促进土壤碳的固定,可在一定程度上改善土壤氮、磷等养分的有效性；可考虑优先用于酸性土壤。
위료해생물질탄적시용대토양본신탄、담、린순배적영향,선택불동산감도적3충토양,설치대조(불시생물질탄화비료)、시생물질탄、단시비료급동시시생물질탄화비료등4개처리,연구료시용생물질탄대토양탄、담、린적전화여형태적영향。결과표명,시용생물질탄증가료토양적 pH 치,재산성토양상우위명현。시용생물질탄현저지제고료공시3충토양적유궤탄적루,강저료산성화중성토양중적수용성유궤탄,촉진료토양미생물생물량탄적제고,강저료역양화유궤탄점총유궤탄적비례,경미증가료토양중호민산여부리산적비치(humic/fulvic acids,H/F)。시생물질탄가강저토양중적 NH 4+-N 함량,유리우담소향완효태전화,방지담소림실；단타가증가토양중 NH 3적휘발손실,대 NH 3휘발손실적영향재산성토양중소우중성화석회성토양。시생물질탄가제고토양중적총린함량,재미시비료린적토양시용생물질탄증가료토양수용성린적비례,단재시비료린적토양중시용생물질탄각강저료토양수용성린적비례；시생물질탄가증가토양중 NaHCO 3-IP 화 NaHCO 3-OP 등생물유효태린재총린중적비례,강저료 NaOH-IP 화잔여태린적비례,명현증가료 HCl-P 적비례。연구인위,시용생물질탄가촉진토양탄적고정,가재일정정도상개선토양담、린등양분적유효성；가고필우선용우산성토양。
Summary Soil organic matter has an important role in soil fertility and agricultural productivity.Many practices have been used to increase organic carbon in soil,particularly nitrogen fertilization,zero-tillage agriculture,and the addition of large amounts of manure to soil.These practices do not sequester significant quantities of C into soil because most of the organic matter is not stable and is mineralized very fast.Many factors contribute to soil organic C stabilization,including soil clay content,rainfall,and temperature regimes.In recent years,there has been considerable interest in the use of biochar from pyrolysis of renewable biomass to sequester C and improve soil productivity.Much of the stimulus for this interest comes from research on the soils of the Amazon basin,known as Terra Preta de Indio,that contain variable quantities of organic black carbon considered to be of anthropogenic origin.Biochar can improve nutrient availability,cation exchange capacity,bulk density,and water-holding capacity,but these effects depend on the feedstock,prolysis conditions. It is important to evaluate the effects of biochar on soil fertility under different soil and climatic regimes to increase our understanding of potential interactions before widespread use of biochar in agricultural systems.Although biochar has been shown to increase soil fertility and productivity in the tropics,there is limited information about influences of biochar on transformation and chemical forms of C,N and P in soils.Therefore,an incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of biochar application on transformation and chemical forms of C,N and P in soils with different pH. <br> The experiment included four treatments,i.e.,control without application of any chemical fertilizers and biochar, conventional fertilization with application of chemical fertilizers,biochar treatment with application of biochar but without any chemical fertilizers,and conventional fertilization + biochar treatment with application of both biochar and chemical fertilizers.The treated soils were incubated at temperature of 20 35 ℃ for 12 months,and the incubated soils were characterized for different forms of C,N,and P and potential capacities of N leaching and volatilization loss. <br> The results showed that application of biochar increased soil pH,particularly for acidic soil.Application of biochar increased significantly the accumulation of organic C,microbial biomass C and humic/fulvic acids(H/F)of the soils,and decreased water soluble C in both acidic and neutral soils,and proportion of total organic C in easily oxidized organic carbon.Addition of biochar could promote the transformation of rapidly available N into slowly available N, and thus decrease potential of N leaching loss. However, application of biochar increased the volatilization loss of NH 3 in the soils,and the effect on volatilization loss was less in the acidic soil than that in both neutral and calcareous soils.The application of biochar increased total P in the soils.The application of biochar increased proportion of water soluble P for the soils without addition of chemical fertilizers,but it decreased the proportion for the soils with addition of chemical fertilizers.Application of biochar increased proportions of bio-available P such as NaHCO 3-IP and NaHCO 3-OP in the soils,and decreased the proportions of NaOH-IP and residual P.Proportion of HCl-P increased when biochar was applied. <br> It is concluded that application of biochar is benefit to increasing fixation of organic carbon and modifying availability of N and P in soils.It is recommended that biochar could be preferentially applied in acidic soil.