生态环境学报
生態環境學報
생태배경학보
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
2013年
8期
1310-1316
,共7页
陈小华%高伟%刘文亮%孙从军%康丽娟
陳小華%高偉%劉文亮%孫從軍%康麗娟
진소화%고위%류문량%손종군%강려연
大型底栖无脊椎动物%群落结构%环境因子%河道%平原河网地区
大型底棲無脊椎動物%群落結構%環境因子%河道%平原河網地區
대형저서무척추동물%군락결구%배경인자%하도%평원하망지구
benthic macroinvertebrate%community structure%environmental factors%rivers plain river network
大型底栖无脊椎动物是河流生态系统的重要组成生物，具有活动范围相对固定、生命周期较长、生活习性相对稳定等特点，可有效指示河流水质和水生态系统健康状况。有关大型底栖生物群落结构特征及其与水环境之间的关系研究一直是河流生态系统的研究热点。底栖动物具有较强的地域性，其群落结构特征受当地的自然环境特征和社会经济发展程度的双重因素影响。为研究典型平原河网地区的底栖动物群落结构及对水环境状况的响应特征，在上海市选取了83个河道断面进行大型底栖动物采样分析，共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种），其中软体动物10种，环节动物6种，节肢动物4种。上海河道底栖动物群落结构总体呈现结构单一、物种丰富度低、高度耐污性等显著特征，环节动物的栖息密度和出现频率均最高。城市化水平的空间差异性直接影响底栖动物空间分布的异质性，由市区至近郊、远郊，物种数从11种逐渐上升至15种，而栖息密度则由8776.3个/m2下降至690.3个/m2。底栖动物群落结构的空间分布特征与水质理化指标的空间分布特征具有良好的对应性，水质空间变化导致环节动物和软体动物、节肢动物的空间分布存在一定交错性，耐污性较强的环节动物主要分布在有机污染重、溶解氧低的市区河道断面，而喜清洁环境的软体动物和节肢动物主要分布在水质较好的郊区断面。寡毛纲物种的栖息密度与溶解氧质量浓度呈显著负相关性。
大型底棲無脊椎動物是河流生態繫統的重要組成生物，具有活動範圍相對固定、生命週期較長、生活習性相對穩定等特點，可有效指示河流水質和水生態繫統健康狀況。有關大型底棲生物群落結構特徵及其與水環境之間的關繫研究一直是河流生態繫統的研究熱點。底棲動物具有較彊的地域性，其群落結構特徵受噹地的自然環境特徵和社會經濟髮展程度的雙重因素影響。為研究典型平原河網地區的底棲動物群落結構及對水環境狀況的響應特徵，在上海市選取瞭83箇河道斷麵進行大型底棲動物採樣分析，共穫取底棲動物20箇分類單位（種），其中軟體動物10種，環節動物6種，節肢動物4種。上海河道底棲動物群落結構總體呈現結構單一、物種豐富度低、高度耐汙性等顯著特徵，環節動物的棲息密度和齣現頻率均最高。城市化水平的空間差異性直接影響底棲動物空間分佈的異質性，由市區至近郊、遠郊，物種數從11種逐漸上升至15種，而棲息密度則由8776.3箇/m2下降至690.3箇/m2。底棲動物群落結構的空間分佈特徵與水質理化指標的空間分佈特徵具有良好的對應性，水質空間變化導緻環節動物和軟體動物、節肢動物的空間分佈存在一定交錯性，耐汙性較彊的環節動物主要分佈在有機汙染重、溶解氧低的市區河道斷麵，而喜清潔環境的軟體動物和節肢動物主要分佈在水質較好的郊區斷麵。寡毛綱物種的棲息密度與溶解氧質量濃度呈顯著負相關性。
대형저서무척추동물시하류생태계통적중요조성생물，구유활동범위상대고정、생명주기교장、생활습성상대은정등특점，가유효지시하류수질화수생태계통건강상황。유관대형저서생물군락결구특정급기여수배경지간적관계연구일직시하류생태계통적연구열점。저서동물구유교강적지역성，기군락결구특정수당지적자연배경특정화사회경제발전정도적쌍중인소영향。위연구전형평원하망지구적저서동물군락결구급대수배경상황적향응특정，재상해시선취료83개하도단면진행대형저서동물채양분석，공획취저서동물20개분류단위（충），기중연체동물10충，배절동물6충，절지동물4충。상해하도저서동물군락결구총체정현결구단일、물충봉부도저、고도내오성등현저특정，배절동물적서식밀도화출현빈솔균최고。성시화수평적공간차이성직접영향저서동물공간분포적이질성，유시구지근교、원교，물충수종11충축점상승지15충，이서식밀도칙유8776.3개/m2하강지690.3개/m2。저서동물군락결구적공간분포특정여수질이화지표적공간분포특정구유량호적대응성，수질공간변화도치배절동물화연체동물、절지동물적공간분포존재일정교착성，내오성교강적배절동물주요분포재유궤오염중、용해양저적시구하도단면，이희청길배경적연체동물화절지동물주요분포재수질교호적교구단면。과모강물충적서식밀도여용해양질량농도정현저부상관성。
Benthic macroinvertebrates are abundant in the streams and lakes. Since most of them have sessile mode of lives or limited migration distance, their species and numbers are important parameters to access the habitat environmental quality. Collection of macroinvertebrates biosurvey data has worldwidely been used as a routine approach by most water quality agencies. The communities of benthic macroinvertebrate have distinct geographical characteristics, correspondingly reflecting the quality of natural environment and socio-economic development of surronding regions. To understand and characterize the benthic biota and elucidate their adaptive responses to environmental factors, we investigated benthic macroinvertebrate fauna at 83 sites in Shanghai city, which is a representative plain river network. In total, we found 20 taxa of the benthic macroinvertebrate: 10 Mollusca, 6 Arthropoda and 4 Annelida. Our data showed that macrobenthos community structure processed typical characteristics including simple composition, low species richness and high pollution-tolerant. Among all species, Arthropoda was found to be the most frequently detected one with highest population density. The spatial heterogeneity of macrobenthos community was linked to the regional extents of urbanization level, respectively. From the downtown area to suburb or rural areas, the number of species increased from 11 to 15 while habitat density decreased from 8776.3/m2 to 690.3/m2. Moreover, it exhibited high degree of correlation between the physicochemical indicators of water quality and the spatial distribution of macrobenthos fauna. Most species of Arthropoda are high pollution-tolerants and were absolutely dominant in the downtown area with heavier organic pollution and lower dissolved oxygen. In contrast, the species of Mollusca and Annelida predominated in the suburb and rural areas with lighter pollution and higher dissolved oxygen level. The significant negative correlation was found between population density of Oligochaetes and dissolved oxygen concentration. Taken together, Mollusks are indicator species showed relatively healthy aquatic environment and annelids such as oligochaetes are indicator species indentifying organic polluted and low-DO environments.
