农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2014年
8期
156-167
,共12页
贾伟%李宇虹%陈清%David Chadwick
賈偉%李宇虹%陳清%David Chadwick
가위%리우홍%진청%David Chadwick
粪便%肥料%养分%规模化养殖%作物养分需求量%秸秆还田
糞便%肥料%養分%規模化養殖%作物養分需求量%秸稈還田
분편%비료%양분%규모화양식%작물양분수구량%갈간환전
manure%fertilizers%nutrients%intensive livestock farm%crop nutrient demand%straw incorporation
随着都市型规模化养殖业快速发展，畜禽粪尿废物大量排放因缺乏足够面积土地消纳所带来的环境压力很大，而粪尿中的氮磷钾养分与化肥一样对作物同等重要，如何合理利用这些废物资源决定了都市化农业的可持续发展。该文针对京郊养殖业和农用地面积现状，结合调研、收集畜禽养分排泄系数和农田养分需求等参数，估算京郊固液粪便养分资源现状及其替代化肥的潜力。结果表明：京郊畜禽固液粪便中 N、P、K 养分量分别为58.7×103、21.3×103、29.8×103 t，其中固体粪便N、P、K养分分别为43.1×103、20.3×103和19.7×103 t，京郊畜禽固液粪便可分别满足农田N、P、K养分需求量的99.3%、185.2%、62.7%。大部分区县粪肥中P养分产生量超过作物P需求量，粮田秸秆还田可带入的N、P、K养分分别为11.0×103、1.6×103和15.0×103 t，情景分析表明在秸秆还田条件下，按照磷素平衡原则估算本地区所能消纳的粪肥所带入 N、P 和 K 养分数量分别为18.3×103、9.9×103和10.3×103 t，同时需要补充N、K化肥分别为29.8×103和22.2×103 t，其余粪肥则需经过堆肥化处理并输往外地。经过堆肥处理，固体粪肥可提供的 N、P、K 养分分别下降了23%、11%和12%，外输固体粪肥堆肥可进一步减少农田氮磷负荷以及可能的环境风险。
隨著都市型規模化養殖業快速髮展，畜禽糞尿廢物大量排放因缺乏足夠麵積土地消納所帶來的環境壓力很大，而糞尿中的氮燐鉀養分與化肥一樣對作物同等重要，如何閤理利用這些廢物資源決定瞭都市化農業的可持續髮展。該文針對京郊養殖業和農用地麵積現狀，結閤調研、收集畜禽養分排洩繫數和農田養分需求等參數，估算京郊固液糞便養分資源現狀及其替代化肥的潛力。結果錶明：京郊畜禽固液糞便中 N、P、K 養分量分彆為58.7×103、21.3×103、29.8×103 t，其中固體糞便N、P、K養分分彆為43.1×103、20.3×103和19.7×103 t，京郊畜禽固液糞便可分彆滿足農田N、P、K養分需求量的99.3%、185.2%、62.7%。大部分區縣糞肥中P養分產生量超過作物P需求量，糧田秸稈還田可帶入的N、P、K養分分彆為11.0×103、1.6×103和15.0×103 t，情景分析錶明在秸稈還田條件下，按照燐素平衡原則估算本地區所能消納的糞肥所帶入 N、P 和 K 養分數量分彆為18.3×103、9.9×103和10.3×103 t，同時需要補充N、K化肥分彆為29.8×103和22.2×103 t，其餘糞肥則需經過堆肥化處理併輸往外地。經過堆肥處理，固體糞肥可提供的 N、P、K 養分分彆下降瞭23%、11%和12%，外輸固體糞肥堆肥可進一步減少農田氮燐負荷以及可能的環境風險。
수착도시형규모화양식업쾌속발전，축금분뇨폐물대량배방인결핍족구면적토지소납소대래적배경압력흔대，이분뇨중적담린갑양분여화비일양대작물동등중요，여하합리이용저사폐물자원결정료도시화농업적가지속발전。해문침대경교양식업화농용지면적현상，결합조연、수집축금양분배설계수화농전양분수구등삼수，고산경교고액분편양분자원현상급기체대화비적잠력。결과표명：경교축금고액분편중 N、P、K 양분량분별위58.7×103、21.3×103、29.8×103 t，기중고체분편N、P、K양분분별위43.1×103、20.3×103화19.7×103 t，경교축금고액분편가분별만족농전N、P、K양분수구량적99.3%、185.2%、62.7%。대부분구현분비중P양분산생량초과작물P수구량，량전갈간환전가대입적N、P、K양분분별위11.0×103、1.6×103화15.0×103 t，정경분석표명재갈간환전조건하，안조린소평형원칙고산본지구소능소납적분비소대입 N、P 화 K 양분수량분별위18.3×103、9.9×103화10.3×103 t，동시수요보충N、K화비분별위29.8×103화22.2×103 t，기여분비칙수경과퇴비화처리병수왕외지。경과퇴비처리，고체분비가제공적 N、P、K 양분분별하강료23%、11%화12%，외수고체분비퇴비가진일보감소농전담린부하이급가능적배경풍험。
With the rapid development of urban intensive livestock farms, large amounts of organic waste (feces and urine) discharge obviously led to high environmental pressure in the peri-urban regions with inadequate arable land. However, the N, P, K nutrients in feces and urine could equally contribute to increase crop production as chemical fertilizer. Therefore, sustainable development of urban agriculture is closely dependent on how to recycle these organic wastes as nutrient resources. In this study, considering the current status of livestock farming and arable land area in Beijing suburbs, the current situation of organic waste resources in livestock farming and its substituting potential for chemical fertilizer in Beijing were estimated through livestock farm surveys, the collection of livestock excretion coefficients and crop nutrients demand through literature and related Beijing statistical data. The results indicated that the total amount of N, P, K contained in solid manure and liquid manure production was 58.7×103tN, 21.3×103tP, 29.8×103tK, which included 43.1×103tN, 20.3×103tP and 19.7×103tK in solid manure, respectively. The total amount of N, P, K contained in solid manure and liquid manure could be satisfied with 99.3%, 185.2%and 62.7%of the total crop requirement of N, P, K in Beijing in 2011, especially since the amount of generated manure P has exceeded total crop P requirement in most districts of Beijing. Moreover, cereal crop residue returned to soil could bring equivalent to 11.0×103tN, 1.6×103tP, and 15.0×103tK to arable land. In the scenario analysis, the allowable amount of N, P, K nutrients in livestock manure to be applied to arable land were only 18.3×103tN, 9.9×103tP, and 10.3×103tK, respectively, based on the P balance method, if considering cereal crop residue incorporation. Additional 29.8×103tN and 22.2×103tK were needed to be supplied with chemical fertilizers to meet crop nutrient demand. P surplus sourced from organic waste obligated the solid manure to be composted and transported to the neighbor regions with inadequate P supply. Total N, P, K nutrients contained in composted solid manure decreased by 23%, 11% and 12%after aerobic composting, and the transportation of commercial composted solid manure exported out of Beijing will further reduce N and P loads in arable land and consequently reduce the risk of environmental pollution.
