【目的】我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化严重、香蕉营养失衡、巴拿马病(枯萎病)严重泛滥和肆虐,造成香蕉严重减产甚至绝收。中性碱性土壤条件可有效抑制引发巴拿马病(枯萎病)细菌( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense)的感染。本研究在长期从事香蕉营养与施肥研究的基础上,研制了碱性肥料,并在海南乐东(香蕉枯萎病重灾区)进行了3年碱性肥料田间试验,研究碱性肥料以及其他肥料与其混合使用在改良蕉园土壤酸性的同时,防控香蕉枯萎病及其营养效果。以期通过施用碱性肥料改善我国蕉园土壤状况,降低枯萎病的发生,促进香蕉增产。【方法】试验采用5因素完全方案,分别为碱性肥料( AF)+长效肥料( CRF)+速效肥料( CCF)、 AF+CRF、 AF+CCF、CRF+CCF、 CCF 5个处理,每个处理的氮、磷、钾总量相等,香蕉整个生育期内施氮( N)、磷( P2 O5)、钾( K2 O)分别为200、80、400 g/plant,每个处理重复3次,随机排列。在每次施肥后1520 d采集表层15 cm的土壤并测定土壤pH值。分别在香蕉孕蕾期、抽蕾期、果实膨大期、收获期调查枯萎病发病率、病情指数。【结果】土壤pH值分别和香蕉枯萎病发病率、病情指数间呈极显著的负相关,即土壤酸性越强,香蕉枯萎病越严重；黄叶率和香蕉枯萎病发病率、病情指数间呈显著或极显著的正相关,说明香蕉枯萎病发病率和病情指数越高,香蕉黄叶数越多,绿叶数越少。通过4次施肥,碱性肥料在香蕉生长期供应适量足量氮、磷、钾养分的同时,还能有效地提高土壤pH值,使土壤pH值维持在7.07.4之间,并且能有效降低香蕉黄叶率、发病率和病情指数,对防控香蕉枯萎病有显著效果。从香蕉孕蕾期开始,枯萎病呈现加重趋势,到收获期时香蕉发病最严重,但在这期间碱性肥料能明显降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。香蕉收获期,常规肥料处理的枯萎病发病率在62%以上,而碱性肥料处理的发病率降低到了18%以下；并且碱性肥料能明显减轻发病香蕉病情,常规对照处理香蕉病情指数达到了21%,而碱性肥料处理的只有5%。香蕉黄叶率从营养期开始逐渐增大,碱性肥料处理香蕉黄叶率显著低于常规对照处理的黄叶率。碱性肥料处理的香蕉经济收获率由对照的56%增加到了72%,每公顷增产13267 kg,单株增产3.43 kg。【结论】碱性肥料增产的原因在于一方面提高了土壤pH值而降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率及其病情指数,减少了香蕉的黄叶数量,使香蕉有较多的绿叶进行光合作用而高产；另一方面香蕉生长期土壤处于中性偏碱环境能有效地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的萌发和致病,而有利于其他有益微生物的生长,从而为香蕉健康生长营造良好的土壤环境。由此可见,应用碱性肥料不仅是改良蕉园土壤酸性、均衡土壤养分、平衡香蕉营养的施肥技术,而且是防控香蕉枯萎病的有效措施。
【目的】我國香蕉主產區蕉園土壤痠化嚴重、香蕉營養失衡、巴拿馬病(枯萎病)嚴重汎濫和肆虐,造成香蕉嚴重減產甚至絕收。中性堿性土壤條件可有效抑製引髮巴拿馬病(枯萎病)細菌( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense)的感染。本研究在長期從事香蕉營養與施肥研究的基礎上,研製瞭堿性肥料,併在海南樂東(香蕉枯萎病重災區)進行瞭3年堿性肥料田間試驗,研究堿性肥料以及其他肥料與其混閤使用在改良蕉園土壤痠性的同時,防控香蕉枯萎病及其營養效果。以期通過施用堿性肥料改善我國蕉園土壤狀況,降低枯萎病的髮生,促進香蕉增產。【方法】試驗採用5因素完全方案,分彆為堿性肥料( AF)+長效肥料( CRF)+速效肥料( CCF)、 AF+CRF、 AF+CCF、CRF+CCF、 CCF 5箇處理,每箇處理的氮、燐、鉀總量相等,香蕉整箇生育期內施氮( N)、燐( P2 O5)、鉀( K2 O)分彆為200、80、400 g/plant,每箇處理重複3次,隨機排列。在每次施肥後1520 d採集錶層15 cm的土壤併測定土壤pH值。分彆在香蕉孕蕾期、抽蕾期、果實膨大期、收穫期調查枯萎病髮病率、病情指數。【結果】土壤pH值分彆和香蕉枯萎病髮病率、病情指數間呈極顯著的負相關,即土壤痠性越彊,香蕉枯萎病越嚴重；黃葉率和香蕉枯萎病髮病率、病情指數間呈顯著或極顯著的正相關,說明香蕉枯萎病髮病率和病情指數越高,香蕉黃葉數越多,綠葉數越少。通過4次施肥,堿性肥料在香蕉生長期供應適量足量氮、燐、鉀養分的同時,還能有效地提高土壤pH值,使土壤pH值維持在7.07.4之間,併且能有效降低香蕉黃葉率、髮病率和病情指數,對防控香蕉枯萎病有顯著效果。從香蕉孕蕾期開始,枯萎病呈現加重趨勢,到收穫期時香蕉髮病最嚴重,但在這期間堿性肥料能明顯降低香蕉枯萎病的髮病率。香蕉收穫期,常規肥料處理的枯萎病髮病率在62%以上,而堿性肥料處理的髮病率降低到瞭18%以下；併且堿性肥料能明顯減輕髮病香蕉病情,常規對照處理香蕉病情指數達到瞭21%,而堿性肥料處理的隻有5%。香蕉黃葉率從營養期開始逐漸增大,堿性肥料處理香蕉黃葉率顯著低于常規對照處理的黃葉率。堿性肥料處理的香蕉經濟收穫率由對照的56%增加到瞭72%,每公頃增產13267 kg,單株增產3.43 kg。【結論】堿性肥料增產的原因在于一方麵提高瞭土壤pH值而降低瞭香蕉枯萎病髮病率及其病情指數,減少瞭香蕉的黃葉數量,使香蕉有較多的綠葉進行光閤作用而高產；另一方麵香蕉生長期土壤處于中性偏堿環境能有效地抑製尖孢鐮刀菌的萌髮和緻病,而有利于其他有益微生物的生長,從而為香蕉健康生長營造良好的土壤環境。由此可見,應用堿性肥料不僅是改良蕉園土壤痠性、均衡土壤養分、平衡香蕉營養的施肥技術,而且是防控香蕉枯萎病的有效措施。
【목적】아국향초주산구초완토양산화엄중、향초영양실형、파나마병(고위병)엄중범람화사학,조성향초엄중감산심지절수。중성감성토양조건가유효억제인발파나마병(고위병)세균( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense)적감염。본연구재장기종사향초영양여시비연구적기출상,연제료감성비료,병재해남악동(향초고위병중재구)진행료3년감성비료전간시험,연구감성비료이급기타비료여기혼합사용재개량초완토양산성적동시,방공향초고위병급기영양효과。이기통과시용감성비료개선아국초완토양상황,강저고위병적발생,촉진향초증산。【방법】시험채용5인소완전방안,분별위감성비료( AF)+장효비료( CRF)+속효비료( CCF)、 AF+CRF、 AF+CCF、CRF+CCF、 CCF 5개처리,매개처리적담、린、갑총량상등,향초정개생육기내시담( N)、린( P2 O5)、갑( K2 O)분별위200、80、400 g/plant,매개처리중복3차,수궤배렬。재매차시비후1520 d채집표층15 cm적토양병측정토양pH치。분별재향초잉뢰기、추뢰기、과실팽대기、수획기조사고위병발병솔、병정지수。【결과】토양pH치분별화향초고위병발병솔、병정지수간정겁현저적부상관,즉토양산성월강,향초고위병월엄중；황협솔화향초고위병발병솔、병정지수간정현저혹겁현저적정상관,설명향초고위병발병솔화병정지수월고,향초황협수월다,록협수월소。통과4차시비,감성비료재향초생장기공응괄량족량담、린、갑양분적동시,환능유효지제고토양pH치,사토양pH치유지재7.07.4지간,병차능유효강저향초황협솔、발병솔화병정지수,대방공향초고위병유현저효과。종향초잉뢰기개시,고위병정현가중추세,도수획기시향초발병최엄중,단재저기간감성비료능명현강저향초고위병적발병솔。향초수획기,상규비료처리적고위병발병솔재62%이상,이감성비료처리적발병솔강저도료18%이하；병차감성비료능명현감경발병향초병정,상규대조처리향초병정지수체도료21%,이감성비료처리적지유5%。향초황협솔종영양기개시축점증대,감성비료처리향초황협솔현저저우상규대조처리적황협솔。감성비료처리적향초경제수획솔유대조적56%증가도료72%,매공경증산13267 kg,단주증산3.43 kg。【결론】감성비료증산적원인재우일방면제고료토양pH치이강저료향초고위병발병솔급기병정지수,감소료향초적황협수량,사향초유교다적록협진행광합작용이고산；령일방면향초생장기토양처우중성편감배경능유효지억제첨포렴도균적맹발화치병,이유리우기타유익미생물적생장,종이위향초건강생장영조량호적토양배경。유차가견,응용감성비료불부시개량초완토양산성、균형토양양분、평형향초영양적시비기술,이차시방공향초고위병적유효조시。
[Objectives]Soil acidification, nutrient imbalance, frequent occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in banana plantation are the main reasons leading to the serious decrease of banana production and even the constrained abandon of banana orchard in many regions of China. On the base of long term research, a alkaline fertilizer ( AF) special for banana was make out, and its effect on regulating soil pH and the control of Fusarium wilt was investigated in a three year’ s field experiment in Hainan, so as to develop a cost effective measure to improve soil pH, decline incidence of the Fusarium wilt and increase banana production.[Methods]A complete random design field experiment with five-factor was conducted and the effect of alkaline fertilizer ( AF ) on soil acidity, incidence of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and banana yield was compared with conventional fertilizer ( CCF) for three years in Wanzhong banana plantation district of Ledong County, Hainan Island Province. Each banana plant was applied with 200 g of N, 80 g of P2 O5 and 400 g of K2 O. There were five treatments:alkaline fertilizer ( AF) + controlled release fertilizer ( CRF) + conventional fertilizer ( CCF) , AF + CRF, AF+ CCF, CRF + CCF, CCF respectively, each treatment had three replications. 0-15 cm depth soil samples were collected in 60 cm away from the pseudo stem in the bud formation stage, pumping stage, fruit enlargement stage and banana harvest period, respectively. [Results] 1 ) Both the disease incidence and index of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were negatively correlated with the soil pH value (P<0. 01) significantly, which meant the incidence of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense was worse in soils with lower pH. The rate of yellow leaf showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation with disease incidence and index as well, in other words, higher disease incidence and index lead to larger number of yellow leaves, and less green leaves consequently. 2) The alkali fertilizer could increase soil pH significantly and keep the soil pH in range of 7. 0 to 7. 4. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense at each key growing stage of the banana were remarkably lower than controlled fertilizer. The disease incidence and disease index were as high as 62% and 21% in control, while those were only 18% and 5% in the AF treatment, respectively. 3 ) The harvest rate of banana fruit increased from 56% with the control to 72% with the AF treatment. The harvested yield of the AF treatment increased by 13267 kg/ha, being 156% of the control. [Conclusions]Application of AF can maintain favorate soil conditions for banana growth through regulate the soil pH in rang of neutral and weak alkaline range, and decline the rate of yellow leaf and increase the single plant yield and the harvest index. Therefore, the use of alkaline fertilizer is a cost effective measure to regulate soil pH value, keep equilibrium of nutrients, resist the infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense during banana growth, thus achieve a high yield of banana.
