植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
PLANT NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER SCIENCE
2014年
4期
845-859
,共15页
玉米%氮肥施用%根系%氮效率
玉米%氮肥施用%根繫%氮效率
옥미%담비시용%근계%담효솔
maize cultivar%nitrogen application%root%nitrogen use efficiency
【目的】研究不同氮效率夏玉米根系的时空分布、植株氮素吸收利用特性及其对氮素用量的响应,探讨玉米氮素高效利用的生理基础,以期探明通过采用氮高效品种、促进根土互作、提高根系与水肥时空耦合、提高玉米氮素利用效率,强化环境友好型生产的有效途径。【方法】试验于20112012年在山东农业大学黄淮海玉米技术创新中心(N36°18′,E117°12′)和作物生物学国家重点实验室进行,以氮高效玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和氮低效品种玉米秀青73-1(XQ73-1)为试验材料,在大田条件下设置两个氮素水平(0和315 kg/hm2),采用土壤剖面取样法和系统取样法分别进行根系相关指标、干物质及氮素积累与分配的测定。【结果】ZD958整个生育期根系相关指标(根系干重、根长密度、根系TTC还原量、根系吸收面积及活跃吸收面积)及其在深层土壤(60-100 cm)中所占的比例、单株生物量、单株绿叶面积、植株氮素积累量、单株籽粒产量均显著高于XQ73-1( P<0.05),抽雄期和完熟期根系干重、根长密度、根系TTC还原量、根系吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、单株绿叶面积分别比XQ73-1高12.02%、8.39%、25.34%、34.48%、29.22%、7.76%和36.74%、24.21%、36.29%、29.94%、32.83%、13.73%,完熟期单株生物量、植株氮素积累量、籽粒产量分别比XQ73-1高11.65%、11.78%、15.16%。施氮后两品种各指标均显著提高,ZD958和XQ73-1根系干重、根长密度、根系TTC还原量、根系吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、单株绿叶面积抽雄期分别提高8.13%、6.12%、18.08%、15.10%、24.71%、12.06%和7.19%、4.59%、10.47%、10.82%、13.02%、7.15%,而完熟期分别提高16.48%、22.43%、19.26%、15.03%、27.45%、14.97%和15.02%、14.59%、13.01%、12.81%、21.95%、11.06%；单株生物量、植株氮素积累量、单株籽粒产量完熟期分别提高9.40%、10.08%、13.43%和5.20%、8.56%、9.69%。相关分析表明,植株吸氮量与根长密度、根系干重、根系活跃吸收面积呈显著线性正相关(相关系数均在0.8以上)。 ZD958花前根系对氮素的响应度高于XQ73-1,花后则低于XQ73-1。【结论】氮高效玉米品种ZD958根系总量大、深层土壤根系多、根系活力高、氮素吸收能力强；施氮条件下优势更加明显,对ZD958作用大于XQ73-1,说明氮高效玉米品种发达且分布合理的根系保证了植株对氮素的吸收,有利于进行光合生产、获得较高籽粒产量。两品种对氮素的响应不同,氮高效品种花前对氮素的响应度高于氮低效品种,花后则相反。因此,可过适度减少氮高效品种花前施氮量、增加花后施氮量,而适度增加氮低效品种花前施氮量、降低花后施氮量来促进根系发育,提高氮素利用效率。
【目的】研究不同氮效率夏玉米根繫的時空分佈、植株氮素吸收利用特性及其對氮素用量的響應,探討玉米氮素高效利用的生理基礎,以期探明通過採用氮高效品種、促進根土互作、提高根繫與水肥時空耦閤、提高玉米氮素利用效率,彊化環境友好型生產的有效途徑。【方法】試驗于20112012年在山東農業大學黃淮海玉米技術創新中心(N36°18′,E117°12′)和作物生物學國傢重點實驗室進行,以氮高效玉米品種鄭單958(ZD958)和氮低效品種玉米秀青73-1(XQ73-1)為試驗材料,在大田條件下設置兩箇氮素水平(0和315 kg/hm2),採用土壤剖麵取樣法和繫統取樣法分彆進行根繫相關指標、榦物質及氮素積纍與分配的測定。【結果】ZD958整箇生育期根繫相關指標(根繫榦重、根長密度、根繫TTC還原量、根繫吸收麵積及活躍吸收麵積)及其在深層土壤(60-100 cm)中所佔的比例、單株生物量、單株綠葉麵積、植株氮素積纍量、單株籽粒產量均顯著高于XQ73-1( P<0.05),抽雄期和完熟期根繫榦重、根長密度、根繫TTC還原量、根繫吸收麵積、根繫活躍吸收麵積、單株綠葉麵積分彆比XQ73-1高12.02%、8.39%、25.34%、34.48%、29.22%、7.76%和36.74%、24.21%、36.29%、29.94%、32.83%、13.73%,完熟期單株生物量、植株氮素積纍量、籽粒產量分彆比XQ73-1高11.65%、11.78%、15.16%。施氮後兩品種各指標均顯著提高,ZD958和XQ73-1根繫榦重、根長密度、根繫TTC還原量、根繫吸收麵積、根繫活躍吸收麵積、單株綠葉麵積抽雄期分彆提高8.13%、6.12%、18.08%、15.10%、24.71%、12.06%和7.19%、4.59%、10.47%、10.82%、13.02%、7.15%,而完熟期分彆提高16.48%、22.43%、19.26%、15.03%、27.45%、14.97%和15.02%、14.59%、13.01%、12.81%、21.95%、11.06%；單株生物量、植株氮素積纍量、單株籽粒產量完熟期分彆提高9.40%、10.08%、13.43%和5.20%、8.56%、9.69%。相關分析錶明,植株吸氮量與根長密度、根繫榦重、根繫活躍吸收麵積呈顯著線性正相關(相關繫數均在0.8以上)。 ZD958花前根繫對氮素的響應度高于XQ73-1,花後則低于XQ73-1。【結論】氮高效玉米品種ZD958根繫總量大、深層土壤根繫多、根繫活力高、氮素吸收能力彊；施氮條件下優勢更加明顯,對ZD958作用大于XQ73-1,說明氮高效玉米品種髮達且分佈閤理的根繫保證瞭植株對氮素的吸收,有利于進行光閤生產、穫得較高籽粒產量。兩品種對氮素的響應不同,氮高效品種花前對氮素的響應度高于氮低效品種,花後則相反。因此,可過適度減少氮高效品種花前施氮量、增加花後施氮量,而適度增加氮低效品種花前施氮量、降低花後施氮量來促進根繫髮育,提高氮素利用效率。
【목적】연구불동담효솔하옥미근계적시공분포、식주담소흡수이용특성급기대담소용량적향응,탐토옥미담소고효이용적생리기출,이기탐명통과채용담고효품충、촉진근토호작、제고근계여수비시공우합、제고옥미담소이용효솔,강화배경우호형생산적유효도경。【방법】시험우20112012년재산동농업대학황회해옥미기술창신중심(N36°18′,E117°12′)화작물생물학국가중점실험실진행,이담고효옥미품충정단958(ZD958)화담저효품충옥미수청73-1(XQ73-1)위시험재료,재대전조건하설치량개담소수평(0화315 kg/hm2),채용토양부면취양법화계통취양법분별진행근계상관지표、간물질급담소적루여분배적측정。【결과】ZD958정개생육기근계상관지표(근계간중、근장밀도、근계TTC환원량、근계흡수면적급활약흡수면적)급기재심층토양(60-100 cm)중소점적비례、단주생물량、단주록협면적、식주담소적루량、단주자립산량균현저고우XQ73-1( P<0.05),추웅기화완숙기근계간중、근장밀도、근계TTC환원량、근계흡수면적、근계활약흡수면적、단주록협면적분별비XQ73-1고12.02%、8.39%、25.34%、34.48%、29.22%、7.76%화36.74%、24.21%、36.29%、29.94%、32.83%、13.73%,완숙기단주생물량、식주담소적루량、자립산량분별비XQ73-1고11.65%、11.78%、15.16%。시담후량품충각지표균현저제고,ZD958화XQ73-1근계간중、근장밀도、근계TTC환원량、근계흡수면적、근계활약흡수면적、단주록협면적추웅기분별제고8.13%、6.12%、18.08%、15.10%、24.71%、12.06%화7.19%、4.59%、10.47%、10.82%、13.02%、7.15%,이완숙기분별제고16.48%、22.43%、19.26%、15.03%、27.45%、14.97%화15.02%、14.59%、13.01%、12.81%、21.95%、11.06%；단주생물량、식주담소적루량、단주자립산량완숙기분별제고9.40%、10.08%、13.43%화5.20%、8.56%、9.69%。상관분석표명,식주흡담량여근장밀도、근계간중、근계활약흡수면적정현저선성정상관(상관계수균재0.8이상)。 ZD958화전근계대담소적향응도고우XQ73-1,화후칙저우XQ73-1。【결론】담고효옥미품충ZD958근계총량대、심층토양근계다、근계활력고、담소흡수능력강；시담조건하우세경가명현,대ZD958작용대우XQ73-1,설명담고효옥미품충발체차분포합리적근계보증료식주대담소적흡수,유리우진행광합생산、획득교고자립산량。량품충대담소적향응불동,담고효품충화전대담소적향응도고우담저효품충,화후칙상반。인차,가과괄도감소담고효품충화전시담량、증가화후시담량,이괄도증가담저효품충화전시담량、강저화후시담량래촉진근계발육,제고담소이용효솔。
The ascertain of the physiological mechanism of nitrogen nutrition of a maize cultivar is the base of choosing nitrogen high efficient cultivar with reasonable and effective temporal and spatial coupling distribution. Therefore, the development and function of root, the relationship between temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of roots and the nitrogen uptake were studied. [Methods]Split plot experiments were conducted in 2011 2012 at the Technological Innovation Center of Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region ( N36 °18′, E117°12′) and the State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, located at Shandong Agriculture University in Taian. One high efficiency cultivar ( ZD958 ) and one low efficiency cultivar ( XQ73-1 ) were used and two nitrogen levels:0 and 315 kg/ha, were designed. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of roots in the soil profile were investigated systematically and the nitrogen uptake of summer maize in different growth stages was analyzed and the accumulation amount of dry matter was calculated.[Results]All the terms investigated are significantly higher in ZD958 than in XQ73-1 throughout the whole growth stage ( P <0. 05 ) . The total root dry weight, root length density, root TTC reducing quantity, root absorbing area, root active absorbing area and leaf area of ZD958 are 12. 02%, 8. 39%, 25. 34%, 34. 48%, 29. 22%, 7. 76% and 36. 74%, 24. 21%, 36. 29%, 29. 94%, 32. 83%, 13. 73% higher than those of XQ73-1 at tasseling stage and fully ripening stage, respectively. The biomass, N accumulation amount, grain yield per plant of ZD958 are 11. 65%, 11. 78% and 15. 16% higher than those of XQ73-1 at fully ripening stage, respectively. The values of all the tested terms are increased significantly due to the application of nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with corresponding N0(no N application), the total root dry weight, root length density, root TTC reducing quantity, root absorbing area, root active absorbing area, leaf area increased by 8. 13%, 6. 12%, 18. 08%, 15. 10%, 24. 71%, 12. 06% in ZD958 and 7. 19%, 4. 59%, 10. 47%, 10. 82%, 13. 02%, 7. 15% in XQ73-1 at tasseling stage, but 16. 48%, 22. 43%, 19. 26%, 15. 03%, 27. 45%, 14. 97% in ZD958 and 15. 02%, 14. 59%, 13. 01%, 12. 81%, 21. 95%, 11. 06% in XQ73-1 at fully ripening stage. The biomass, N accumulation amount, grain yield per plant were increased by 9. 40%, 10. 08%, 13. 43% in ZD958 and 5. 20%, 8. 56%, 9. 69% in XQ73-1 at fully ripening stage. Significant positive linear correlation exists between the amount of N-uptake and the root length density, root dry weight and root active absorbing area with correlation coefficient of higher than 0. 8 at all the items. The responses of root index of the two cultivars to nitrogen are different, higher response of root index in ZD958 than in XQ73-1 before anthesis stage, but lower after that. [Conclusions]High N efficiency cultivar has larger root number and root density in deeper soil layers, more rational root distribution than low nitrogen efficiency cultivar, leading to stronger nitrogen uptake ability. Application of N intensifies the differences between the two genotype cultivars. The superiorities in root development in high nitrogen efficiency cultivar ensure the effective nitrogen uptake, delay of leaf senescence, the accumulation of dry matter, and finally higher grain yield.
