CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】氮素吸收与积累是水稻产量形成的重要基础。随着农村劳动力转移，我国水稻生产机械化的步伐随之加快，机械化播栽使杂交籼稻的生长发育和各生育阶段所处环境发生了改变，但针对其氮素吸收利用特性的研究还较少。本文以杂交籼稻F优498为材料，探讨机械化播栽条件下杂交稻的氮素积累、分配及碳氮比特点。【方法】采用二因素裂区设计，主因素为播栽方式，共3个水平，分别为机械精量穴直播、机插和常规手插；副因素为穴苗数，设2个水平，分别为低穴苗数和高穴苗数。研究播栽方式和穴苗数对杂交稻氮素积累、分配及碳氮比的影响。【结果】机械化播栽对杂交稻氮素吸收利用及碳氮比产生了明显影响，与常规手插相比，机械精量穴直播显著提高了水稻拔节期和成熟期植株含氮量，同时提高了成熟期植株氮素积累能力。机插植株含氮量在抽穗期显著高于手插，并能在拔节期保持较高的植株氮素积累量。不同播栽方式叶片和茎鞘氮素转运量、氮素表观转运率以及氮素转运贡献率、氮素干物质生产效率和氮素偏生力表现为常规手插>机插>机械精量穴直播，而穗部氮素增加量和百千克籽粒吸氮量则为机械精量穴直播>常规手插>机插，氮素稻谷生产效率和氮素收获指数表现为机插>常规手插>机械精量穴直播。水稻植株全碳含量及植株碳氮比在各主要生育时期内均受播栽方式显著或极显著影响。机械化播栽方式配合低穴苗数能加强成熟期各器官碳氮比，配合高穴苗数处理能显著提高杂交稻抽穗期穗碳氮比，并且能够促进碳素在植株内的转化和分配。【结论】机械化播栽方式虽降低了拔节期植株全碳含量及植株碳氮比，但可显著提高水稻拔节期和成熟期植株含氮量，提高成熟期植株氮素积累能力，有利于杂交稻氮素高效吸收利用和植株体内碳氮代谢的平衡，因而获得高产高效。【目的】氮素吸收與積纍是水稻產量形成的重要基礎。隨著農村勞動力轉移，我國水稻生產機械化的步伐隨之加快，機械化播栽使雜交秈稻的生長髮育和各生育階段所處環境髮生瞭改變，但針對其氮素吸收利用特性的研究還較少。本文以雜交秈稻F優498為材料，探討機械化播栽條件下雜交稻的氮素積纍、分配及碳氮比特點。【方法】採用二因素裂區設計，主因素為播栽方式，共3箇水平，分彆為機械精量穴直播、機插和常規手插；副因素為穴苗數，設2箇水平，分彆為低穴苗數和高穴苗數。研究播栽方式和穴苗數對雜交稻氮素積纍、分配及碳氮比的影響。【結果】機械化播栽對雜交稻氮素吸收利用及碳氮比產生瞭明顯影響，與常規手插相比，機械精量穴直播顯著提高瞭水稻拔節期和成熟期植株含氮量，同時提高瞭成熟期植株氮素積纍能力。機插植株含氮量在抽穗期顯著高于手插，併能在拔節期保持較高的植株氮素積纍量。不同播栽方式葉片和莖鞘氮素轉運量、氮素錶觀轉運率以及氮素轉運貢獻率、氮素榦物質生產效率和氮素偏生力錶現為常規手插>機插>機械精量穴直播，而穗部氮素增加量和百韆剋籽粒吸氮量則為機械精量穴直播>常規手插>機插，氮素稻穀生產效率和氮素收穫指數錶現為機插>常規手插>機械精量穴直播。水稻植株全碳含量及植株碳氮比在各主要生育時期內均受播栽方式顯著或極顯著影響。機械化播栽方式配閤低穴苗數能加彊成熟期各器官碳氮比，配閤高穴苗數處理能顯著提高雜交稻抽穗期穗碳氮比，併且能夠促進碳素在植株內的轉化和分配。【結論】機械化播栽方式雖降低瞭拔節期植株全碳含量及植株碳氮比，但可顯著提高水稻拔節期和成熟期植株含氮量，提高成熟期植株氮素積纍能力，有利于雜交稻氮素高效吸收利用和植株體內碳氮代謝的平衡，因而穫得高產高效。
【목적】담소흡수여적루시수도산량형성적중요기출。수착농촌노동력전이，아국수도생산궤계화적보벌수지가쾌，궤계화파재사잡교선도적생장발육화각생육계단소처배경발생료개변，단침대기담소흡수이용특성적연구환교소。본문이잡교선도F우498위재료，탐토궤계화파재조건하잡교도적담소적루、분배급탄담비특점。【방법】채용이인소렬구설계，주인소위파재방식，공3개수평，분별위궤계정량혈직파、궤삽화상규수삽；부인소위혈묘수，설2개수평，분별위저혈묘수화고혈묘수。연구파재방식화혈묘수대잡교도담소적루、분배급탄담비적영향。【결과】궤계화파재대잡교도담소흡수이용급탄담비산생료명현영향，여상규수삽상비，궤계정량혈직파현저제고료수도발절기화성숙기식주함담량，동시제고료성숙기식주담소적루능력。궤삽식주함담량재추수기현저고우수삽，병능재발절기보지교고적식주담소적루량。불동파재방식협편화경초담소전운량、담소표관전운솔이급담소전운공헌솔、담소간물질생산효솔화담소편생력표현위상규수삽>궤삽>궤계정량혈직파，이수부담소증가량화백천극자립흡담량칙위궤계정량혈직파>상규수삽>궤삽，담소도곡생산효솔화담소수획지수표현위궤삽>상규수삽>궤계정량혈직파。수도식주전탄함량급식주탄담비재각주요생육시기내균수파재방식현저혹겁현저영향。궤계화파재방식배합저혈묘수능가강성숙기각기관탄담비，배합고혈묘수처리능현저제고잡교도추수기수탄담비，병차능구촉진탄소재식주내적전화화분배。【결론】궤계화파재방식수강저료발절기식주전탄함량급식주탄담비，단가현저제고수도발절기화성숙기식주함담량，제고성숙기식주담소적루능력，유리우잡교도담소고효흡수이용화식주체내탄담대사적평형，인이획득고산고효。
[Objectives]The nitrogen uptake and accumulation are an important foundation for yield formation in rice. Along with the transfer of rural labor to the cities, the pace of rice production mechanization in China consequently grows rapidly. The growth, development, and the environment of each growth stage of hybrid rice have changed in the mechanical sowing and transplanting methods. However, less research has been done on how the mechanical sowing and transplanting methods influence the nitrogen absorption and utilization characterization. The hybrid indica rice ( F you 498 ) is used in the experiments to explore the characteristics of nitrogen uptake, utilization and C/N. [Methods] Two factorial split-plot designs with three replications were used in this experiment, the main plots consisted of three sowing and transplanting methods ( mechanical direct seeding, mechanical transplanting, and artificial transplanting), the subplots were subjected two seeding number per hill ( low seeding number per hill and high seeding number per hill) . The effects of sowing and transplanting methods and seedling number per hill on nitrogen accumulation, distribution and C/N were investigated. [Results]Mechanical sowing and transplanting methods had apparent effects on the nitrogen uptake, utilization, and C/N of hybrid rice. The mechanical direct seeding improved the nitrogen content at the jointing and maturity periods, and the capabilities of nitrogen accumulation in plants of rice at the maturity period. The nitrogen content at the heading period in the mechanical transplanting was higher than the artificial transplanting, the mechanical transplanting could keep high nitrogen accumulation of rice at the jointing period. The nitrogen translocation, apparent nitrogen translocation rate of rice leaves and stem-sheath, nitrogen transfer rate, nitrogen use efficiency for biomass and partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen in artificial transplanting were higher than those in mechanical transplanting and the lowest in mechanical direct seeding. However, the N increase in panicle and nitrogen uptake per 100 kg of grain under different sowing and transplanting methods were different, mechanical direct seeding was the highest, followed by artificial transplanting and mechanical transplanting. Furthermore, the nitrogen use efficiency for grain production and nitrogen harvest index in mechanical transplanting were higher than those in artificial transplanting, and the lowest in mechanical direct seeding. The carbohydrate content, C/N of plant in hybrid rice at the jointing, heading, and maturity periods were significantly influenced by different sowing and transplanting methods. The mechanical sowing and transplanting methods cooperate with low seedling number per hill could enhance the C/N of different organs at the maturity period. The C/N of panicles of hybrid rice cultivar is significantly increased under the mechanical sowing and transplanting methods cooperate with high seedling number per hill, subsequently improved the carbohydrate transformation and distribution in plant. [Conclusions]The characteristics of nitrogen accumulation and utilization of hybrid rice under different mechanical sowing and transplanting methods are different. Mechanical direct sowing and transplanting methods plus lower seedling number per hill are effective way in control and regulation of the nitrogen uptake and transfer in rice, keeping a relative high N accumulation during the whole growing period of rice, thus leading to a high N requirement for 100 kg of grain production and high yield.