CAJ | 학술논문

农药生态毒理学是横跨毒理学、农药学和生态学的一门交叉学科。文章从“关注对象”、“关注层面”、“学科归属”和“成果应用”4个方面归纳了“农药生态毒理学”与“农药环境毒理学”的区别，并从“试验历期”、“剂量设置”、“可控性”、“暴露评估”以及“研究的阶段性”等不同侧面阐述了农药生态毒理学研究的方法学要素。对于除人类以外的非靶标生物的关注以及提倡用生态学方法进行研究，是农药生态毒理学区别于农药环境毒理学的明显特征。按照试验历期的长短，农药生态效应评估试验可分为“急性”、“亚急性”和“慢性”3类；按照试验条件的可控性，则可分为“室内”、“半田间”和“田间”3个层次。从经济和时效性角度考虑，农药生态效应评估试验应遵从先急性、后慢性，先室内、后田间的顺序；为避免出现“假阴性”结果，试验设计时应确保受试生物在室内试验中所受的胁迫强度高于半田间或田间试验。鉴于农业生态系统的多样性和复杂性，农药生态毒理学家应该有意识地使其研究内容和研究方法与现有的农药生态风险评估体系相衔接，惟其如此，相关研究成果的生态学意义才能够得到充分体现。随着人们对农药与农业生态系统相互关系认识水平的提高，农药生态毒理学在理论及实践方面将会得到进一步发展，并将反过来促进农药生态风险评估体系的发展和完善。
농약생태독이학시횡과독이학、농약학화생태학적일문교차학과。문장종“관주대상”、“관주층면”、“학과귀속”화“성과응용”4개방면귀납료“농약생태독이학”여“농약배경독이학”적구별，병종“시험력기”、“제량설치”、“가공성”、“폭로평고”이급“연구적계단성”등불동측면천술료농약생태독이학연구적방법학요소。대우제인류이외적비파표생물적관주이급제창용생태학방법진행연구，시농약생태독이학구별우농약배경독이학적명현특정。안조시험력기적장단，농약생태효응평고시험가분위“급성”、“아급성”화“만성”3류；안조시험조건적가공성，칙가분위“실내”、“반전간”화“전간”3개층차。종경제화시효성각도고필，농약생태효응평고시험응준종선급성、후만성，선실내、후전간적순서；위피면출현“가음성”결과，시험설계시응학보수시생물재실내시험중소수적협박강도고우반전간혹전간시험。감우농업생태계통적다양성화복잡성，농약생태독이학가응해유의식지사기연구내용화연구방법여현유적농약생태풍험평고체계상함접，유기여차，상관연구성과적생태학의의재능구득도충분체현。수착인문대농약여농업생태계통상호관계인식수평적제고，농약생태독이학재이론급실천방면장회득도진일보발전，병장반과래촉진농약생태풍험평고체계적발전화완선。
The discipline of pesticide ecotoxicology stretches across toxicology, pesticide science, and ecology. The pesticide ecotoxicology and the pesticide environmental toxicology were compared from four aspects, i. e. ‘organisms in concern’ ,‘levels in concern’ ,‘discipline affiliation’ and‘practical employments’ . Methodology of the discipline was outlined from a few aspects, such as‘test spans’ ,‘dosages selected ’ , ‘controllability ’ , ‘exposure estimations ’ , ‘research phases ’ , etc. The outstanding feature of the discipline is that it pays more attention to non-target organisms apart from the human being and favors to study them from ecological point of view. The hazard estimation experiments can be classified as ‘acute’ ,‘subchronic’ and ‘chronic’ , based on the test spans, and they can be divided into ‘indoor ’ , ‘semi-field ’ and ‘field ’ , according to the controllability of the experiments. From economical and temporal point of view, the experiments should start from acute and/or indoor, and followed, if necessary, by chronic and/or field. To avoid‘false negative’ results, one must ensure that the organisms be exposed in severe stress in indoor experiments compared with those being exposed in field experiments. Considering the diversity and complexity of agricultural ecosystems, ecotoxicologists should consciously accord the items and the methodologies of their researches to the requirements of risk assessment. Only then the ecological senses of them could be properly revealed. Along with deepen in understanding of the interaction between pesticides and ecosystems, the discipline of pesticide ecotoxicology would progress in both theory and practice and this would in turn promote ecological risk assessment of pesticides.