生态环境学报
生態環境學報
생태배경학보
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
2014年
5期
797-805
,共9页
郑晓霞%赵文吉%晏星%赵文慧%熊秋林
鄭曉霞%趙文吉%晏星%趙文慧%熊鞦林
정효하%조문길%안성%조문혜%웅추림
降雨%PM2.5%时空变化%空间分析
降雨%PM2.5%時空變化%空間分析
강우%PM2.5%시공변화%공간분석
Precipitation%PM2.5%temporal and spatial variation%spatial analysis
随着人类环境意识的增强，人们对城市雾霾天气的忧虑与日俱增，PM2.5的时空变化和对人体健康的影响已成为关注的焦点。以往的研究多集中在不同季节或年际的变化，本文通过统计环保局发布的位于北京城区13个逐时浓度监测点降雨前后PM2.5质量浓度，并在城区布设14个采样点昼夜连续监测一次降雨后72 h内PM2.5质量浓度变化情况，研究北京市城区降雨后PM2.5日变化规律及空间分布特征，由此分析降雨对PM2.5日变化规律的影响。同时对比PM2.5与同步气象数据（温度、相对湿度）和交通数据（车辆量、车速）最值频率分布情况，进而对PM2.5日变化特征进行成因分析。随后利用GIS空间分析方法，分析了PM2.5的日空间分布特征。结果表明，降雨对颗粒物的去除作用明显，一次降雨可使PM2.5质量浓度平均下降56.3%。雨后72 h内PM2.5质量浓度均小于60μg·m-3，降雨后1 h内PM2.5质量浓度处于稳定状态，在随后的12 h内PM2.5浓度值都处于下降状态。降雨过程只降低 PM2.5的质量浓度值，并不影响其日变化规律。PM2.5的日变化规律以19时为界，表现出明显的昼夜差异。白天的变化规律呈现凹型，夜间的变化规律呈现拱型。PM2.5质量浓度峰值多出现在23时或0时，谷值多出现在下午15时，该特征受气象因素影响较大，受交通源的影响作用不明显。早高峰期间，PM2.5质量浓度变化主要受交通源的影响；晚高峰期间，交通源和气象因素共同影响PM2.5质量浓度。研究区PM2.5日空间分布特征同样存在明显的昼夜差异。白天 PM2.5空间分布特征为南部高北部低；PM2.5在夜间的空间分布特征则多表现为四周高、中心低，三环外围区域多为高值区。
隨著人類環境意識的增彊，人們對城市霧霾天氣的憂慮與日俱增，PM2.5的時空變化和對人體健康的影響已成為關註的焦點。以往的研究多集中在不同季節或年際的變化，本文通過統計環保跼髮佈的位于北京城區13箇逐時濃度鑑測點降雨前後PM2.5質量濃度，併在城區佈設14箇採樣點晝夜連續鑑測一次降雨後72 h內PM2.5質量濃度變化情況，研究北京市城區降雨後PM2.5日變化規律及空間分佈特徵，由此分析降雨對PM2.5日變化規律的影響。同時對比PM2.5與同步氣象數據（溫度、相對濕度）和交通數據（車輛量、車速）最值頻率分佈情況，進而對PM2.5日變化特徵進行成因分析。隨後利用GIS空間分析方法，分析瞭PM2.5的日空間分佈特徵。結果錶明，降雨對顆粒物的去除作用明顯，一次降雨可使PM2.5質量濃度平均下降56.3%。雨後72 h內PM2.5質量濃度均小于60μg·m-3，降雨後1 h內PM2.5質量濃度處于穩定狀態，在隨後的12 h內PM2.5濃度值都處于下降狀態。降雨過程隻降低 PM2.5的質量濃度值，併不影響其日變化規律。PM2.5的日變化規律以19時為界，錶現齣明顯的晝夜差異。白天的變化規律呈現凹型，夜間的變化規律呈現拱型。PM2.5質量濃度峰值多齣現在23時或0時，穀值多齣現在下午15時，該特徵受氣象因素影響較大，受交通源的影響作用不明顯。早高峰期間，PM2.5質量濃度變化主要受交通源的影響；晚高峰期間，交通源和氣象因素共同影響PM2.5質量濃度。研究區PM2.5日空間分佈特徵同樣存在明顯的晝夜差異。白天 PM2.5空間分佈特徵為南部高北部低；PM2.5在夜間的空間分佈特徵則多錶現為四週高、中心低，三環外圍區域多為高值區。
수착인류배경의식적증강，인문대성시무매천기적우필여일구증，PM2.5적시공변화화대인체건강적영향이성위관주적초점。이왕적연구다집중재불동계절혹년제적변화，본문통과통계배보국발포적위우북경성구13개축시농도감측점강우전후PM2.5질량농도，병재성구포설14개채양점주야련속감측일차강우후72 h내PM2.5질량농도변화정황，연구북경시성구강우후PM2.5일변화규률급공간분포특정，유차분석강우대PM2.5일변화규률적영향。동시대비PM2.5여동보기상수거（온도、상대습도）화교통수거（차량량、차속）최치빈솔분포정황，진이대PM2.5일변화특정진행성인분석。수후이용GIS공간분석방법，분석료PM2.5적일공간분포특정。결과표명，강우대과립물적거제작용명현，일차강우가사PM2.5질량농도평균하강56.3%。우후72 h내PM2.5질량농도균소우60μg·m-3，강우후1 h내PM2.5질량농도처우은정상태，재수후적12 h내PM2.5농도치도처우하강상태。강우과정지강저 PM2.5적질량농도치，병불영향기일변화규률。PM2.5적일변화규률이19시위계，표현출명현적주야차이。백천적변화규률정현요형，야간적변화규률정현공형。PM2.5질량농도봉치다출현재23시혹0시，곡치다출현재하오15시，해특정수기상인소영향교대，수교통원적영향작용불명현。조고봉기간，PM2.5질량농도변화주요수교통원적영향；만고봉기간，교통원화기상인소공동영향PM2.5질량농도。연구구PM2.5일공간분포특정동양존재명현적주야차이。백천 PM2.5공간분포특정위남부고북부저；PM2.5재야간적공간분포특정칙다표현위사주고、중심저，삼배외위구역다위고치구。
With increasing awareness of the environmental protection, residents’ concerns about the city haze weather are increasing at the same time. The spatio-temporal variation of PM2.5 and its impact on human health are becoming the focus of concerns. Previous studies mainly focus on seasonal or yearly variations. This study attempted to explore the characteristics of PM2.5 temporal daily variation and the spatial distribution after rainfall. We collected data of hourly PM2.5 concentrations before and after rainfall in 13 air sampling stations designated by the Beijing Bureau of Environmental Protection and 14 additional samplings sites in Beijing, and analyzed the impact of rainfall on the characteristics of temporal variations of PM2.5. This study further integrated with synchronous meteorological data (temperature, humidity) and traffic data (vehicle volume and speed) to reveal the reasons behind the characteristics of PM2.5 daily variation. The GIS spatial analysis method was subsequently employed to uncover the characteristics of the PM2.5spatial distribution. Results showed that rainfalls efficiently removed particles in the air. A rainfall made the concentration of PM2.5 decreased by an average of 56.3%. PM2.5 concentration was at steady state within 1 hour after rainfall, continued to decline in the next 12 hours and was less than 60μg·m-3 in all 72 hours. The rainfall has significant removal effect on particles with little impact on the diurnal temporal variation curve. The diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentrations exhibited, while the curve was concave type during the day and an arch at night. The peak value appeared at 23 or 0 o’clock and the valley value appeared at 3 pm. This characteristic was greatly influenced by meteorological factors, while traffic contribution is not significant. PM2.5 concentrations were influenced mainly by traffic factors during rush hours in the morning and by both meteorological and traffic factors during rush hours in the evening. The study area on the spatial distribution characteristics of PM2.5 also had marked diurnal variation. The PM2.5 was high in the south and low in the north during the day, and high in the periphery area (outside of the 3rd ring in particular) and low in the center.
