生态环境学报
生態環境學報
생태배경학보
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
2014年
5期
769-776
,共8页
梁开明%章家恩%林田安%全国明%罗明珠%赵本良
樑開明%章傢恩%林田安%全國明%囉明珠%趙本良
량개명%장가은%림전안%전국명%라명주%조본량
鸭稻共作%一稻两鸭%土壤养分%养分消长
鴨稻共作%一稻兩鴨%土壤養分%養分消長
압도공작%일도량압%토양양분%양분소장
rice duck farming system%two-batch-duck raising systems%soil nutrition%dynamics of soil nutrients
鸭稻共作是有效减少化肥和农药施用的重要技术，对稻田土壤养分消耗具有一定的缓冲和调控作用。但在鸭稻共作有机生产模式中，外源性化肥投入的缺乏常常成为水稻高产的限制因素。为更好地解决有机种植中土壤养分供应的问题，对常规鸭稻共作进行了调整，建立了2种“一稻两鸭”共作生态农业模式。通过田间试验对常规稻作、常规鸭稻共作、一稻两鸭轮养及一稻两鸭套养4种种植模式下的土壤养分进行定位监测。结果表明：相对于常规稻作，3种鸭稻共作模式均能在一定程度上提高土壤全钾、全氮的含量，同时减小碱解氮的消耗。与比生产前期相比，生产结束后常规水稻种植模式下土壤有机质含量有所下降，而3种鸭稻共作模式下土壤有机质含量比生产前期均有不同程度的增加。4种种植模式下土壤全磷含量在生产结束后均有不同程度的下降，然而一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下土壤全磷含量的降低程度低于常规稻作。早稻生产结束后，一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下的土壤全磷含量比常规稻作分别高出13.53％和11.01％。与常规鸭稻共作模式相比，一稻两鸭轮养和套养模式增加了全氮以及全钾有机物的积累，同时减缓了碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的下降。晚稻生产结束后，一稻两鸭套养模式下土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量分别比常规鸭稻共作模式高出3.7％，10.39％和7.59％。产量测定结果表明，早稻时期一稻两鸭套养模式下的水稻产量比常规鸭稻共作模式高12.90％，晚稻时期则比常规鸭稻共作高12.19％。一稻两鸭共作模式中，由于两批鸭子的存在，其排便和中耕作用几乎贯穿于水稻的整个生长发育过程，因此培肥效果与常规鸭稻共作相比有了进一步的提高，对系统内的养分循环利用起到了更好的促进作用。
鴨稻共作是有效減少化肥和農藥施用的重要技術，對稻田土壤養分消耗具有一定的緩遲和調控作用。但在鴨稻共作有機生產模式中，外源性化肥投入的缺乏常常成為水稻高產的限製因素。為更好地解決有機種植中土壤養分供應的問題，對常規鴨稻共作進行瞭調整，建立瞭2種“一稻兩鴨”共作生態農業模式。通過田間試驗對常規稻作、常規鴨稻共作、一稻兩鴨輪養及一稻兩鴨套養4種種植模式下的土壤養分進行定位鑑測。結果錶明：相對于常規稻作，3種鴨稻共作模式均能在一定程度上提高土壤全鉀、全氮的含量，同時減小堿解氮的消耗。與比生產前期相比，生產結束後常規水稻種植模式下土壤有機質含量有所下降，而3種鴨稻共作模式下土壤有機質含量比生產前期均有不同程度的增加。4種種植模式下土壤全燐含量在生產結束後均有不同程度的下降，然而一稻兩鴨套養和一稻兩鴨輪養模式下土壤全燐含量的降低程度低于常規稻作。早稻生產結束後，一稻兩鴨套養和一稻兩鴨輪養模式下的土壤全燐含量比常規稻作分彆高齣13.53％和11.01％。與常規鴨稻共作模式相比，一稻兩鴨輪養和套養模式增加瞭全氮以及全鉀有機物的積纍，同時減緩瞭堿解氮、速效燐、速效鉀含量的下降。晚稻生產結束後，一稻兩鴨套養模式下土壤堿解氮、速效燐和速效鉀的含量分彆比常規鴨稻共作模式高齣3.7％，10.39％和7.59％。產量測定結果錶明，早稻時期一稻兩鴨套養模式下的水稻產量比常規鴨稻共作模式高12.90％，晚稻時期則比常規鴨稻共作高12.19％。一稻兩鴨共作模式中，由于兩批鴨子的存在，其排便和中耕作用幾乎貫穿于水稻的整箇生長髮育過程，因此培肥效果與常規鴨稻共作相比有瞭進一步的提高，對繫統內的養分循環利用起到瞭更好的促進作用。
압도공작시유효감소화비화농약시용적중요기술，대도전토양양분소모구유일정적완충화조공작용。단재압도공작유궤생산모식중，외원성화비투입적결핍상상성위수도고산적한제인소。위경호지해결유궤충식중토양양분공응적문제，대상규압도공작진행료조정，건립료2충“일도량압”공작생태농업모식。통과전간시험대상규도작、상규압도공작、일도량압륜양급일도량압투양4충충식모식하적토양양분진행정위감측。결과표명：상대우상규도작，3충압도공작모식균능재일정정도상제고토양전갑、전담적함량，동시감소감해담적소모。여비생산전기상비，생산결속후상규수도충식모식하토양유궤질함량유소하강，이3충압도공작모식하토양유궤질함량비생산전기균유불동정도적증가。4충충식모식하토양전린함량재생산결속후균유불동정도적하강，연이일도량압투양화일도량압륜양모식하토양전린함량적강저정도저우상규도작。조도생산결속후，일도량압투양화일도량압륜양모식하적토양전린함량비상규도작분별고출13.53％화11.01％。여상규압도공작모식상비，일도량압륜양화투양모식증가료전담이급전갑유궤물적적루，동시감완료감해담、속효린、속효갑함량적하강。만도생산결속후，일도량압투양모식하토양감해담、속효린화속효갑적함량분별비상규압도공작모식고출3.7％，10.39％화7.59％。산량측정결과표명，조도시기일도량압투양모식하적수도산량비상규압도공작모식고12.90％，만도시기칙비상규압도공작고12.19％。일도량압공작모식중，유우량비압자적존재，기배편화중경작용궤호관천우수도적정개생장발육과정，인차배비효과여상규압도공작상비유료진일보적제고，대계통내적양분순배이용기도료경호적촉진작용。
Rice-duck farming is an organic farming system for the maintenance of soil fertility with duck manure. Such system helps reduce the pollutants induced by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Nevertheless, the productivity of such organic farming system is frequently limited due to the lack of sufficient chemical fertilizers. In order to supply sufficient soil nutrients, this paper proposes two-batch-duck raising with rice farming, including the rotational pasturing with two-batch-duck raising (RP) and the mixedpasturing with two-batch-duck raising (MP). The soil nutrients in these two proposed systems were monitored and compared with the ones in conventional rice monocropping (CR) and conventional rice-duck farming system (CD) through filed experiments. Compared with the CR treatment, the results showed that CD, RP and MP treatments led to the increase in the total N and total K contents. In addition, treatments including CD, RP and MP all resulted in less consumption of alkali-hydrolysis N. The soil organic matter (SOM) in these three treatments had different levels of increases after harvesting whereas it decreased in the CR treatment. All four treatments experienced significant reductions in the total P in soil after harvest, of which less reductions were observed in the RP and MP treatments as compared to the CR treatment. Specifically, the total P in the RP and MP treatments post early rice harvest was 13.53% and 11.01% higher than that of CR treatment, respectively. Compared with the CD treatment, both two-batch-duck raising systems led to the increased accumulation of SOM, total nitrogen and total potassium contents, and delayed the reductions in alkali-hydrolysis N, available P, available K, and total P in soil. Compared with the CD treatment, the contents of alkali-hydrolysis N, available P and available K in the MP treatment post harvest were increased by 3.7%, 10.39% and 7.59%, respectively. Besides, the rice yield in MP treatment was increased by 12.90% in the early rice season and 12.19% in the late rice season compared to that of CD treatment. These findings indicate that both the RP treatment and MP treatment outperform the CD treatment on improving soil fertility and nutrient utilization in paddy fields. This should be attributed to the increase in the pasture time in the two proposed systems with more duck feces and the effect of intertillage and muddying during all the growth stages of rice.
