敦煌研究
敦煌研究
돈황연구
DUNHUANG RESEARCH
2014年
1期
21-29
,共9页
莫高窟第323窟%张骞出使西域图%角色转换%历史记忆
莫高窟第323窟%張鶱齣使西域圖%角色轉換%歷史記憶
막고굴제323굴%장건출사서역도%각색전환%역사기억
Mogao cave 323%Zhang Qian%Role reversal%Historical memory
莫高窟初唐第323窟属敦煌石窟中的“原创性”洞窟，窟内图像独特，是敦煌石窟群中仅存的主题为佛教史迹画内容的一窟。其中的“张骞出使西域图”更是特殊，把本来属于政治外交性质的张骞使西域历史附会为佛像传入汉地最早事件。在这幅壁画中张骞出使事件发生的“角色转换”，至少到初唐时期成为一种特殊的“历史记忆”图像，集中反映佛像传入汉地的历史。考察洞窟整体壁画及塑像，洞窟的设计者或绘画者很有可能为僧人，其目的是将“求佛名号”的使命交给中西交通开拓者的张骞身上。说明有唐一代，张骞出使西域的历史在佛教界发生了“角色转换”，由政治和外交图像转换为佛教题材内容，并最终成为一种独特的图像文献，赋有“历史记忆”的功能，在佛教发展史上占有一定的地位。因此，这种独一无二的原创性洞窟在艺术史上具有非常重要的意义。而从图像胡风因素出发，则可发现该窟的功德主有可能为来华的西域移民。
莫高窟初唐第323窟屬敦煌石窟中的“原創性”洞窟，窟內圖像獨特，是敦煌石窟群中僅存的主題為彿教史跡畫內容的一窟。其中的“張鶱齣使西域圖”更是特殊，把本來屬于政治外交性質的張鶱使西域歷史附會為彿像傳入漢地最早事件。在這幅壁畫中張鶱齣使事件髮生的“角色轉換”，至少到初唐時期成為一種特殊的“歷史記憶”圖像，集中反映彿像傳入漢地的歷史。攷察洞窟整體壁畫及塑像，洞窟的設計者或繪畫者很有可能為僧人，其目的是將“求彿名號”的使命交給中西交通開拓者的張鶱身上。說明有唐一代，張鶱齣使西域的歷史在彿教界髮生瞭“角色轉換”，由政治和外交圖像轉換為彿教題材內容，併最終成為一種獨特的圖像文獻，賦有“歷史記憶”的功能，在彿教髮展史上佔有一定的地位。因此，這種獨一無二的原創性洞窟在藝術史上具有非常重要的意義。而從圖像鬍風因素齣髮，則可髮現該窟的功德主有可能為來華的西域移民。
막고굴초당제323굴속돈황석굴중적“원창성”동굴，굴내도상독특，시돈황석굴군중부존적주제위불교사적화내용적일굴。기중적“장건출사서역도”경시특수，파본래속우정치외교성질적장건사서역역사부회위불상전입한지최조사건。재저폭벽화중장건출사사건발생적“각색전환”，지소도초당시기성위일충특수적“역사기억”도상，집중반영불상전입한지적역사。고찰동굴정체벽화급소상，동굴적설계자혹회화자흔유가능위승인，기목적시장“구불명호”적사명교급중서교통개탁자적장건신상。설명유당일대，장건출사서역적역사재불교계발생료“각색전환”，유정치화외교도상전환위불교제재내용，병최종성위일충독특적도상문헌，부유“역사기억”적공능，재불교발전사상점유일정적지위。인차，저충독일무이적원창성동굴재예술사상구유비상중요적의의。이종도상호풍인소출발，칙가발현해굴적공덕주유가능위래화적서역이민。
As an original Early Tang cave at the Mogao Grottoes, cave 323 is the only Dunhuang cave to use Buddhist historical paintings as its theme. More particularly, the picture of Zhang Qian exploring the Western Regions on a diplomatic mission, which was a political and diplomatic event in Chinese history, was adopted as the earliest fact about the dissemination of Buddhism in the Central Plains. The “role reversal” of Zhang Qian’s diplomatic mission in this picture became an image of “historical memory” at least in the Tang dynasty, which reflects the dissemination of Buddhist images into the Central Plains. An investigation of the wall paintings and sculptures in this cave indicates that the designers or painters of this cave might have been monks who intended to entrust the mission of “searching for the name of the Buddha” to Zhang Qian, a pioneer in opening up the traffic route between China and the West. In other words, “role reversal” appeared in the historical event of Zhang Qian’s diplomatic mission. It was turned from a political image into a Buddhist theme and finally was fixed as special visual material endowed with the function of “historical memory,” thus playing an important role in the history of Buddhism. Therefore, this unique and original cave is important in the history of art, while the non-Chinese iconographic elements suggest that the owners of this cave might have been immigrants from the Western Regions.
