东南大学学报（自然科学版）
東南大學學報（自然科學版）
동남대학학보（자연과학판）
JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY
2014年
1期
205-210
,共6页
明大同镇%夯土长城%明长城%城墙材料%构造
明大同鎮%夯土長城%明長城%城牆材料%構造
명대동진%항토장성%명장성%성장재료%구조
Datong town of Ming dynasty%rammed earth great wall%Ming great wall%architectural material%structure
为了深入了解夯土长城的材料和构造特征，在对现存明大同镇段长城这一典型夯土长城遗存进行实地考察的基础上，借鉴土力学的相关理论和方法，对城墙夯土材料的种类和存在方式进行了分类统计，并从基础做法、夯层厚度、夯层构造和铺设植物枝条做法等方面分析了城墙的构造特征，揭示出夯土长城在材料和构造方面的丰富性以及与环境的密切相关性。结果表明，明大同镇段夯土长城的城墙高度一般为6～10 m，墙面斜度一般为70°～80°，夯层厚度多为150～250 mm，夯土材料由细粒土、砂砾、碎石、块石和植物枝条组成，夯土材料中砂砾、碎石和块石的含量与地形和土壤环境有密切关系，证明取材方式为就近取土，夯层中砂砾、碎石和块石或铺砌或掺杂的多种构造方式反映了古人基于当地土质和实践经验对夯层构造的改良，少数案例显示了夯土中可能铺设了植物枝条作为连接筋，反映了古人的夯土技术成就。
為瞭深入瞭解夯土長城的材料和構造特徵，在對現存明大同鎮段長城這一典型夯土長城遺存進行實地攷察的基礎上，藉鑒土力學的相關理論和方法，對城牆夯土材料的種類和存在方式進行瞭分類統計，併從基礎做法、夯層厚度、夯層構造和鋪設植物枝條做法等方麵分析瞭城牆的構造特徵，揭示齣夯土長城在材料和構造方麵的豐富性以及與環境的密切相關性。結果錶明，明大同鎮段夯土長城的城牆高度一般為6～10 m，牆麵斜度一般為70°～80°，夯層厚度多為150～250 mm，夯土材料由細粒土、砂礫、碎石、塊石和植物枝條組成，夯土材料中砂礫、碎石和塊石的含量與地形和土壤環境有密切關繫，證明取材方式為就近取土，夯層中砂礫、碎石和塊石或鋪砌或摻雜的多種構造方式反映瞭古人基于噹地土質和實踐經驗對夯層構造的改良，少數案例顯示瞭夯土中可能鋪設瞭植物枝條作為連接觔，反映瞭古人的夯土技術成就。
위료심입료해항토장성적재료화구조특정，재대현존명대동진단장성저일전형항토장성유존진행실지고찰적기출상，차감토역학적상관이론화방법，대성장항토재료적충류화존재방식진행료분류통계，병종기출주법、항층후도、항층구조화포설식물지조주법등방면분석료성장적구조특정，게시출항토장성재재료화구조방면적봉부성이급여배경적밀절상관성。결과표명，명대동진단항토장성적성장고도일반위6～10 m，장면사도일반위70°～80°，항층후도다위150～250 mm，항토재료유세립토、사력、쇄석、괴석화식물지조조성，항토재료중사력、쇄석화괴석적함량여지형화토양배경유밀절관계，증명취재방식위취근취토，항층중사력、쇄석화괴석혹포체혹참잡적다충구조방식반영료고인기우당지토질화실천경험대항층구조적개량，소수안례현시료항토중가능포설료식물지조작위련접근，반영료고인적항토기술성취。
As the typical rammed earth Great Wall remains,the Ming great wall of Datong town was taken as an example for better understanding the material and structural characteristics of rammed earth walls.On the basis of field work,the theory and methods of soil mechanics was used for refer-ence to finish the classified statistics of types and existing methods of rammed earth materials.Struc-tural characteristics of the rammed earth walls were analyzed from aspects of foundation,rammed layer thickness,rammed layer structure and laying twigs,which revealed that the varied materials and internal structures of the rammed earth Great Wall were closely related with the environment. The results show that the Ming Great Wall of Datong Town is generally of a height of 6 to 10 m, with a slope of 70°to 80°,and the rammed layer thickness of 150 to 250 mm.The materials of rammed earth walls consist of fine-grained soil,gravel,crushed stone,block stone and twigs.The content of gravel,crushed stone and block stone is closely related with the soil environments and ter-rain,which proves that the materials were drawn from nearby.Various rammed layer structures of the soil with paving or doped gravel,crushed stone and block stone reflect that the ancients improved the structures based on practical experience and soil environment.The phenomenon of laid twigs used as the connecting tendons was shown in several cases,which reflects the technological achieve-ments made by the ancients on rammed earth.
