CAJ | 학술논문

现代各级学校系统一般循着两条路线发生，即从较高等级学校向较低等级学校逐级向下延伸而形成的系统，称为“下延型学校系统”（如先行的西欧国家）；从较低等级学校向较高等级学校逐级向上延伸而形成的系统，称为“上伸型学校系统”（如后起的美国）。中国现代各级学校系统的发生路线既非“下延型”，也非“上伸型”，而是一种非典型的下延型，即先建立大学，继之以小学，而中学殿后，这样的过程在清末民初、20世纪五六十年代、八九十年代先后三次重复发生，直至第三次才建成现代各级学校系统。它始于1862年京师同文馆开办，迄于20世纪末，历时140年。
현대각급학교계통일반순착량조로선발생，즉종교고등급학교향교저등급학교축급향하연신이형성적계통，칭위“하연형학교계통”（여선행적서구국가）；종교저등급학교향교고등급학교축급향상연신이형성적계통，칭위“상신형학교계통”（여후기적미국）。중국현대각급학교계통적발생로선기비“하연형”，야비“상신형”，이시일충비전형적하연형，즉선건립대학，계지이소학，이중학전후，저양적과정재청말민초、20세기오륙십년대、팔구십년대선후삼차중복발생，직지제삼차재건성현대각급학교계통。타시우1862년경사동문관개판，흘우20세기말，력시140년。
As a rule,the establishment of the integral system of modern schools follows two routes:the top-down and the bottom-up ones. The top-down pattern means that the higher education system is es-tablished prior to that of secondary schools,which in return,is set up before the primary school sys-tem,as is exemplified by the practice of European countries. Meanwhile,the bottom-up pattern is in a reverse order of the top-down one,which is illustrated by the pattern of the United States. However, the establishment of Chinese modern school system follows neither the top-down pattern nor the bottom-up one,but belongs to an atypical top-down one,which means that the school system of higher educa-tion is established in advance of the primary one and the latter in priority to that of the secondary school. The process of establishing Chinese modern integral school system in this way lasted for about one hundred and forty years,that is,from the foundation of the Imperial Tung Wen College to the end of the twentieth century,during which the atypical top-down pattern recurred three times:the first was between the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican Period,the second in the 1950s and 60s and the last one in the 1980s and 90s,and the integral system of Chinese modern school was not complete-ly established until the last recurrence in the late 20th century.