CAJ | 학술논문

为研究近40 a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局时空变化状况，该文以凯拉库姆库区1975年Landsat MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2011年Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源，利用ENVI软件得到各时期的土地利用/覆盖类型转移矩阵，建立土地利用面积变化量、单一土地利用类型动态度以及区域土地利用综合动态度模型；同时，在景观格局分析中采用景观格局数量分析方法，在类型水平和景观水平分别选取不同的指数，系统分析凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化的时空特征。研究结果显示：近40 a凯拉库姆库区的土地利用/覆盖发生了剧烈变化，建设用地面积呈现出持续增加的态势，低覆盖度草地和未利用地的面积随时间序列呈“V”型变化，而水体、耕地、中覆盖度草地的面积随时间序列呈倒“V”型变化；建设用地和耕地大面积急剧扩张，并伴随着低覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地和未利用地面积的减少，大量的中覆盖度草地、未利用地转化为耕地，同时部分耕地又转化为建设用地，使得建设用地和耕地面积显著增加，研究区区域土地利用综合动态度呈“V”字型变化，并有逐渐加快的趋势，活跃土地利用/覆盖类型由早期和中期的水体转化为近期低覆盖度草地，稳定土地利用/覆盖类型由早期的耕地和中覆盖度草地，过度到中期未利用地，进而转化为近期的耕地；景观格局分析表明，中覆盖度草地和耕地对整个景观发挥主导作用，与水体相邻的景观要素多，建设用地斑块数目多且相对分散，但有集中分布的趋势，在人类活动的影响下，整体斑块尺度趋于均匀，景观趋于丰富和复杂化，斑块聚集程度减少，破碎度增加。该研究结果为凯拉库姆库区水土地资源可持续开发和利用、生态环境保护提供科学依据。為研究近40 a凱拉庫姆庫區土地利用/覆蓋和景觀格跼時空變化狀況，該文以凱拉庫姆庫區1975年Landsat MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2011年Landsat TM遙感影像為數據源，利用ENVI軟件得到各時期的土地利用/覆蓋類型轉移矩陣，建立土地利用麵積變化量、單一土地利用類型動態度以及區域土地利用綜閤動態度模型；同時，在景觀格跼分析中採用景觀格跼數量分析方法，在類型水平和景觀水平分彆選取不同的指數，繫統分析凱拉庫姆庫區土地利用/覆蓋和景觀格跼變化的時空特徵。研究結果顯示：近40 a凱拉庫姆庫區的土地利用/覆蓋髮生瞭劇烈變化，建設用地麵積呈現齣持續增加的態勢，低覆蓋度草地和未利用地的麵積隨時間序列呈“V”型變化，而水體、耕地、中覆蓋度草地的麵積隨時間序列呈倒“V”型變化；建設用地和耕地大麵積急劇擴張，併伴隨著低覆蓋度草地、中覆蓋度草地和未利用地麵積的減少，大量的中覆蓋度草地、未利用地轉化為耕地，同時部分耕地又轉化為建設用地，使得建設用地和耕地麵積顯著增加，研究區區域土地利用綜閤動態度呈“V”字型變化，併有逐漸加快的趨勢，活躍土地利用/覆蓋類型由早期和中期的水體轉化為近期低覆蓋度草地，穩定土地利用/覆蓋類型由早期的耕地和中覆蓋度草地，過度到中期未利用地，進而轉化為近期的耕地；景觀格跼分析錶明，中覆蓋度草地和耕地對整箇景觀髮揮主導作用，與水體相鄰的景觀要素多，建設用地斑塊數目多且相對分散，但有集中分佈的趨勢，在人類活動的影響下，整體斑塊呎度趨于均勻，景觀趨于豐富和複雜化，斑塊聚集程度減少，破碎度增加。該研究結果為凱拉庫姆庫區水土地資源可持續開髮和利用、生態環境保護提供科學依據。
위연구근40 a개랍고모고구토지이용/복개화경관격국시공변화상황，해문이개랍고모고구1975년Landsat MSS、1990년Landsat TM、2000년Landsat ETM+화2011년Landsat TM요감영상위수거원，이용ENVI연건득도각시기적토지이용/복개류형전이구진，건립토지이용면적변화량、단일토지이용류형동태도이급구역토지이용종합동태도모형；동시，재경관격국분석중채용경관격국수량분석방법，재류형수평화경관수평분별선취불동적지수，계통분석개랍고모고구토지이용/복개화경관격국변화적시공특정。연구결과현시：근40 a개랍고모고구적토지이용/복개발생료극렬변화，건설용지면적정현출지속증가적태세，저복개도초지화미이용지적면적수시간서렬정“V”형변화，이수체、경지、중복개도초지적면적수시간서렬정도“V”형변화；건설용지화경지대면적급극확장，병반수착저복개도초지、중복개도초지화미이용지면적적감소，대량적중복개도초지、미이용지전화위경지，동시부분경지우전화위건설용지，사득건설용지화경지면적현저증가，연구구구역토지이용종합동태도정“V”자형변화，병유축점가쾌적추세，활약토지이용/복개류형유조기화중기적수체전화위근기저복개도초지，은정토지이용/복개류형유조기적경지화중복개도초지，과도도중기미이용지，진이전화위근기적경지；경관격국분석표명，중복개도초지화경지대정개경관발휘주도작용，여수체상린적경관요소다，건설용지반괴수목다차상대분산，단유집중분포적추세，재인류활동적영향하，정체반괴척도추우균균，경관추우봉부화복잡화，반괴취집정도감소，파쇄도증가。해연구결과위개랍고모고구수토지자원가지속개발화이용、생태배경보호제공과학의거。
For discussing the change of land use/cover and landscape patterns in Kayrakkum Reservoir during the past 40 years, remote sensing images, i.e., MSS in 1975, TM in 1990, ETM+in 2000, and TM in 2011, were used as the data source. The transfer matrix of land use/cover type map superposition was obtained using ENVI software, to study the land use area change, the single type of land use dynamic degree, and the indices of land use dynamic degree model of regional land use. Furthermore, the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use and landscape pattern changes in the Kayrakkum Reservoir area were systematically analyzed by using the landscape pattern quantity analysis method and by selecting different indices in type and landscape levels. Results showed that tremendous changes had taken place in the past 40 years for the land use/cover in Kayrakkum Reservoir area. Construction land area showed a sustainable increase; while low coverage grassland and unutilized land area tended a ‘V’ shape over time. However, water, arable land and middle coverage grassland areas were all with inverted‘V’ shapes. Overall, the construction land and arable land expanded largely, while the middle coverage grassland, low coverage grassland and unutilized land decreased. Also, a large number of middle coverage grassland and unused land were changed into cultivated land. At the same time, part of the cultivated land was changed into construction land, which resulted in a significant increase in construction land and farmland. The study area changed with a‘V’ shape, with a gradually accelerating trend, The active land use/cover type changed from water at early and middle time to low coverage grassland recently, whereas the stable type of land use/cover changed from middle coverage grassland and arable land at an early time, to unutilized land at the middle time, and then recently to arable land. Landscape pattern analysis indicated that middle coverage grassland and arable land hold dominant positions in the whole landscape. More landscape elements were detected adjacent to aquatic land. Construction land showed more patch numbers and was relatively scattered in the trend of concentration distribution. The patch size tended to be uniform, landscape fragmentation and diversity of landscape types tended to increase, and the landscape aggregation degree tended to decrease under the influence of human activity. Moreover, low coverage grassland and arable land played a controlling role of the whole landscape. Because water is the source of an oasis’s life, Kayrakkum reservoir has occupied an important position in the region's ecological system. With the changes in the economic system and the impact of human activities in nearly 40 years, the area of the reservoir and the water level had experienced tremendous changes, which had an important impact on the dynamic change of land cover and landscape pattern. The result could provide a scientific basis for ecological environment protection, as well as sustainable use of water and land resources.