CAJ | 학술논문

散布尼泊尔加德满都盆地的大量的石制佛塔，除了斯瓦扬布等大型佛塔之外，在街头巷尾和佛寺内的石制还愿塔通常在塔身四方雕刻四方佛，按照右旋顺序，从东方起雕造阿"佛、宝生佛、阿弥陀佛和不空成就佛，以佛塔自身作为大日佛的象征，共同形成金刚界曼荼罗五佛信仰系统。部分佛教也雕造了佛母、天王和护法忿怒像。这类佛塔在中国内地多有表现，并可与中国汉译密教佛典相互照应。随着密教的进一步发展，在尼泊尔等地又形成了本初佛的概念，以佛塔自身象征本初佛，原先居于中间主位的大日佛反而退居于阿"佛与宝生佛之间，位于佛塔的东南隅。类似的佛塔曼荼罗起源于印度，而极盛于尼泊尔，在中国西藏也有类似的造作，并出现在唐喀佛画中。尼泊尔的佛塔曼荼罗处于佛教美术从印度向中国传播的中间地带，也兼有中印度两国的某些特色。
산포니박이가덕만도분지적대량적석제불탑，제료사와양포등대형불탑지외，재가두항미화불사내적석제환원탑통상재탑신사방조각사방불，안조우선순서，종동방기조조아"불、보생불、아미타불화불공성취불，이불탑자신작위대일불적상정，공동형성금강계만도라오불신앙계통。부분불교야조조료불모、천왕화호법분노상。저류불탑재중국내지다유표현，병가여중국한역밀교불전상호조응。수착밀교적진일보발전，재니박이등지우형성료본초불적개념，이불탑자신상정본초불，원선거우중간주위적대일불반이퇴거우아"불여보생불지간，위우불탑적동남우。유사적불탑만도라기원우인도，이겁성우니박이，재중국서장야유유사적조작，병출현재당객불화중。니박이적불탑만도라처우불교미술종인도향중국전파적중간지대，야겸유중인도량국적모사특색。
Kathmandu Basin of Nepal has stone stupas everywhere.Except some large stupas such as Swayamb-hu,there are also many Votive stupas scattering in the streets and temples,which are carved with four-side Bud-dhas around.According to the clockwise order,they are Akshobhya,Ratnasambhava,Amitabha and Amoghasid-dhi.Together with the Great Day Tathagata ,they composed the mandala five Buddha belief system.Some Bodhi-sattva,heavenly kings and Dharma are also carved.Similar stupas can be found in China as well,echoing with the Tantra Buddhist scriptures in Chinese .With the further development of the Tantrism,the concept of Adi-buddha come into being ,which was symbolized by the prime stupa.Samantabhadra,which stayed in the centre, then retired to the middle of Akshobhya and Ratnasambhava,and located in the south-east of the stupa.This type of stupa mandala originated in India and prospered in Nepal ,and similar stupas can also be found in the Tang hatem Buddha paintings in Tibet.Nepal's Stupa mandala is in the middle zone of the Buddhist arts spreading from India to China,and combines some characteristics of the two countries.