CAJ | 학술논문

生态补偿是协调经济发展与环境保护的有效经济手段，在中国得到了广泛重视。由于受到学科范畴的限制，学术界和管理界对生态补偿的内涵、经济性质和法律性质还存在许多争论，关于生态损害的科学含义及与之对应的补偿与赔偿的法理基础尚有待完善。本文旨在梳理生态补偿的相关术语，探讨生态损害及损害补偿与赔偿的科学含义、法理差异及法律制度，从而为我国进一步开展生态补偿的理论研究和实践提供参考。论文首先从环境管理、环境经济学以及法学三层面对生态补偿的内涵进行分析，并在探究生态补偿实践的演变历程的基础上，提出生态补偿至少包含生态保护补偿、生态损害补偿与生态损害赔偿三个方面的内容；其次，文章对生态损害的科学和法律含义进行了辨析，提出：1）生态损害补偿中的生态损害是指人类活动对自由的自然资源的损害，即初级生态损害；2）从法学角度来看，生态损害可分为过错行为导致的生态损害、非过错行为导致的生态损害以及历史累积污染导致的生态损害；3）补偿与赔偿在法理上存在发生的基础、性质、承担责任的时间、承担责任的方式以及程序等方面的差别；4）在以上基础上，论文探讨不同行为造成的生态损害的责任方应当承担补偿/赔偿责任。第三，论文从归责原则、责任主体、补偿/赔偿范围、方式以及补偿/赔偿金额的计算等方面对建立和实施生态损害补偿与赔偿的法律基础和制度进行了论述与分析。最后，论文提出了完善生态损害补偿/赔偿制度的政策建议。
생태보상시협조경제발전여배경보호적유효경제수단，재중국득도료엄범중시。유우수도학과범주적한제，학술계화관리계대생태보상적내함、경제성질화법률성질환존재허다쟁론，관우생태손해적과학함의급여지대응적보상여배상적법리기출상유대완선。본문지재소리생태보상적상관술어，탐토생태손해급손해보상여배상적과학함의、법리차이급법률제도，종이위아국진일보개전생태보상적이론연구화실천제공삼고。논문수선종배경관리、배경경제학이급법학삼층면대생태보상적내함진행분석，병재탐구생태보상실천적연변역정적기출상，제출생태보상지소포함생태보호보상、생태손해보상여생태손해배상삼개방면적내용；기차，문장대생태손해적과학화법률함의진행료변석，제출：1）생태손해보상중적생태손해시지인류활동대자유적자연자원적손해，즉초급생태손해；2）종법학각도래간，생태손해가분위과착행위도치적생태손해、비과착행위도치적생태손해이급역사루적오염도치적생태손해；3）보상여배상재법리상존재발생적기출、성질、승담책임적시간、승담책임적방식이급정서등방면적차별；4）재이상기출상，논문탐토불동행위조성적생태손해적책임방응당승담보상/배상책임。제삼，논문종귀책원칙、책임주체、보상/배상범위、방식이급보상/배상금액적계산등방면대건립화실시생태손해보상여배상적법률기출화제도진행료논술여분석。최후，논문제출료완선생태손해보상/배상제도적정책건의。
As an effective and efficient economic instrument to balance the economic development and environmental protection, the ecological compensation has attracted broad attention and application in China. Nevertheless, there exist many arguments in academic and management communities about the connotation and economic and legal character of ecological compensation due to the different context in different disciplines. There is an urgent need to clarify the scientific implication of ecological damage and the associated jurisprudential distinctions between remediation (Buchang) and compensation (Peichang) to promote the implementation of ecological compensation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the scientific implication, jurisprudential differences and legal regime of ecological damage and compensation based on the review of relative terms of ecological compensation, which then to provide references for further theoretical study and practice of ecological compensation in China. Firstly, the paper analyzed the connotation of ecological compensation from perspectives of environmental management, environmental economics and law, reviewed the evolution of ecological compensation practices in China, the paper and concluded that the ecological compensation should at least includes payments for ecosystem services (PES), ecological damage compensation and ecological damage claim. Secondly, this paper analyzed the scientific and legal connotation of ecological damage: (1) the ecological damage is the harmful effect to a free natural resource resulted from human activities, namely primary ecological damage;(2) the ecological damage can be categorized three groups, damage resulted from wrongful acts, non-wrongful acts and accumulative pollution from the perspective of legal theory;(3) the occurrence basis, legal nature, time and pattern of undertaking responsibility and the applicable law are different between the remediation and compensation; 4) the responsible parties should take the different liability according to the different acts. Thirdly, the paper discussed the legal basis and regime of establishing and implementing ecological compensation from the principle of liability fixation, the subject of the tort, the range and ways of compensation/ damage, the calculation of the amount of compensation/ damage, and so on. Lastly, the paper proposed policy suggestions of refining the current ecological damage compensation legal system.