CAJ | 학술논문

成文宪法中的政教关系是一国对历史形成的宗教与政权关系的根本法承认。由于当今世界大多数国家政权与教权的实际分立，通过宪法规范政教关系具有必然性和必要性。宪法规定政教关系体现了宪法保护宗教信仰自由权的制度设计。通过对168个国家成文宪法中的形式政教关系和在具体的政治、教育、社会等制度中体现的实质政教关系的考察，在形式上规定设立国教、政教分离和没规定政教关系三种模式下，共有十种不同的实质政教关系类型。进一步归类统计发现，除了少数完全没规定政教关系的国家外，各国的政教关系主要有政教分离和宗教主导、国家主导三大类型。其中规定政教分离的国家数量最多，占到统计数量的2／3，体现了成文宪法规定政教关系的一般趋势。宗教主导多体现在意识形态方面，而国家主导限于维护主权和公共利益的需要所对宗教进行的外部管理或扶持。基于传统的影响，教权渗入政权的少数国家还将在一定时期内延续其宗教主导的政教关系；而在国家权力不断扩张的背景下，政权不干涉教权则是多数规定政教分离的国家的具体政教关系内容。
성문헌법중적정교관계시일국대역사형성적종교여정권관계적근본법승인。유우당금세계대다수국가정권여교권적실제분립，통과헌법규범정교관계구유필연성화필요성。헌법규정정교관계체현료헌법보호종교신앙자유권적제도설계。통과대168개국가성문헌법중적형식정교관계화재구체적정치、교육、사회등제도중체현적실질정교관계적고찰，재형식상규정설입국교、정교분리화몰규정정교관계삼충모식하，공유십충불동적실질정교관계류형。진일보귀류통계발현，제료소수완전몰규정정교관계적국가외，각국적정교관계주요유정교분리화종교주도、국가주도삼대류형。기중규정정교분리적국가수량최다，점도통계수량적2／3，체현료성문헌법규정정교관계적일반추세。종교주도다체현재의식형태방면，이국가주도한우유호주권화공공이익적수요소대종교진행적외부관리혹부지。기우전통적영향，교권삼입정권적소수국가환장재일정시기내연속기종교주도적정교관계；이재국가권력불단확장적배경하，정권불간섭교권칙시다수규정정교분리적국가적구체정교관계내용。
Items concerning churchstate relations in written constitutions are fundamental recognition of the relationship between religions and political power at legal level. In today＇ s world, as a result of the separation of political power and religious power, it is inevitable and nec essary to regulate the relationship between political power and religions through constitutions. By regulating churchstate relations in constitutions, it shows that constitutions serve to protect citi zens＇freedom of belief. By studying how the constitutions of 168 countries regulate churchstate relations, and how these regulations are reinforced in political, educational and social systems, the author has found that under the 3 basic modes, namely, by establishing a state religion, by separating state and church, and nonestablishing of churchstate relations, there are in total ten different types of statechurch relations in essence. With further categorizatior~ and statistics, the author has come to the conclusion that apart from very few countries that didn＇ t have any regula tion on churchstate relations, the churchstate relations fall into three major categories, which are separation of states and churches, religiondominant countries and statedominant countries. The number of countries that go for separation of states and churches take the biggest part, which is 2/3. This is also the general trend of churchstate relations in written constitutions. Religiondom inant cases mainly focus on the layer of ideology. Statedominant cases are limited to management or support of religions for protection of sovereignty and public interests. Due to the influence of traditions, in the foreseeable future, the few countries where religious power has penetrated into the political power will continue the religiousdominant churchstate relations. On the other hand, in the context of the everexpansion of power of states, the separation of political power and reli gious power is the choice of most countries that go for the separation of churchstate power.