CAJ | 학술논문

油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）耐低温、干旱和贫瘠，是我国北方温性针叶林中分布最广的森林群落，也是我国北方广大地区最主要的本土造林树种之一，火炬（Rhus typhina Linn.）根萌蘖力强，耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱，是一种适应周围环境能力极强的外来引入种树种。采用空间代替时间的方法，以冀东铁矿不同年份种植的人工火炬林和人工油松林群落为研究对象，采用样方法进行调查取样，分析了2种恢复模式不同演替阶段群落结构的变化，群落动态，同时采用Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析了物种多样性在群落演替过程中的动态变化，在此基础上，对比分析了2种恢复模式在生态效益方面的优劣。主要结果如下：1）短期来看，火炬可以迅速提高植被盖度，增加生物量，但是，长期来看，随着火炬的快速萌集繁殖和林分的郁闭，林下草本急剧减少，形成火炬单优群落，而不能形成稳定的顶级群落。2）短期来看，油松生长缓慢，其生态效益远小于火炬群落，但是油松群落经过11年的演替形成了乔-灌-草3层结构，群落结构逐渐完善。3）演替初期火炬群落优势种以猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）等耐干旱的植物为主，演替后期林下物种迅速减少以至大量消失；油松群落经过11年的恢复，群落草本层植物种数逐渐增大，从一年生先锋植物占优势过渡到以白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemun）和硬质早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes）为建群种，并出现了黄刺玫（Rosa xanthina）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等多年生灌木。4）演替初期Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数表现为：火炬群落﹥油松群落，演替后期则相反，这主要是由群落内种间竞争关系和水热环境的差异造成。4）综合植物群落盖度、物种多样性和群落未来的演替趋势，火炬长期的生态效益远不及油松树种。油鬆（Pinus tabulaeformis）耐低溫、榦旱和貧瘠，是我國北方溫性針葉林中分佈最廣的森林群落，也是我國北方廣大地區最主要的本土造林樹種之一，火炬（Rhus typhina Linn.）根萌蘗力彊，耐寒、耐旱、耐鹽堿，是一種適應週圍環境能力極彊的外來引入種樹種。採用空間代替時間的方法，以冀東鐵礦不同年份種植的人工火炬林和人工油鬆林群落為研究對象，採用樣方法進行調查取樣，分析瞭2種恢複模式不同縯替階段群落結構的變化，群落動態，同時採用Pielou均勻度指數、Margalef豐富度指數、Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數分析瞭物種多樣性在群落縯替過程中的動態變化，在此基礎上，對比分析瞭2種恢複模式在生態效益方麵的優劣。主要結果如下：1）短期來看，火炬可以迅速提高植被蓋度，增加生物量，但是，長期來看，隨著火炬的快速萌集繁殖和林分的鬱閉，林下草本急劇減少，形成火炬單優群落，而不能形成穩定的頂級群落。2）短期來看，油鬆生長緩慢，其生態效益遠小于火炬群落，但是油鬆群落經過11年的縯替形成瞭喬-灌-草3層結構，群落結構逐漸完善。3）縯替初期火炬群落優勢種以豬毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）等耐榦旱的植物為主，縯替後期林下物種迅速減少以至大量消失；油鬆群落經過11年的恢複，群落草本層植物種數逐漸增大，從一年生先鋒植物佔優勢過渡到以白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemun）和硬質早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes）為建群種，併齣現瞭黃刺玫（Rosa xanthina）和鬍枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等多年生灌木。4）縯替初期Margalef豐富度指數、Pielou均勻度指數和Shannon-Wiener指數錶現為：火炬群落﹥油鬆群落，縯替後期則相反，這主要是由群落內種間競爭關繫和水熱環境的差異造成。4）綜閤植物群落蓋度、物種多樣性和群落未來的縯替趨勢，火炬長期的生態效益遠不及油鬆樹種。
유송（Pinus tabulaeformis）내저온、간한화빈척，시아국북방온성침협림중분포최엄적삼림군락，야시아국북방엄대지구최주요적본토조림수충지일，화거（Rhus typhina Linn.）근맹얼력강，내한、내한、내염감，시일충괄응주위배경능력겁강적외래인입충수충。채용공간대체시간적방법，이기동철광불동년빈충식적인공화거림화인공유송림군락위연구대상，채용양방법진행조사취양，분석료2충회복모식불동연체계단군락결구적변화，군락동태，동시채용Pielou균균도지수、Margalef봉부도지수、Shannon-Wiener다양성지수분석료물충다양성재군락연체과정중적동태변화，재차기출상，대비분석료2충회복모식재생태효익방면적우렬。주요결과여하：1）단기래간，화거가이신속제고식피개도，증가생물량，단시，장기래간，수착화거적쾌속맹집번식화림분적욱폐，림하초본급극감소，형성화거단우군락，이불능형성은정적정급군락。2）단기래간，유송생장완만，기생태효익원소우화거군락，단시유송군락경과11년적연체형성료교-관-초3층결구，군락결구축점완선。3）연체초기화거군락우세충이저모호（Artemisia scoparia）、구미초（Setaria viridis）등내간한적식물위주，연체후기림하물충신속감소이지대량소실；유송군락경과11년적회복，군락초본층식물충수축점증대，종일년생선봉식물점우세과도도이백양초（Bothriochloa ischaemun）화경질조숙화（Poa sphondylodes）위건군충，병출현료황자매（Rosa xanthina）화호지자（Lespedeza bicolor）등다년생관목。4）연체초기Margalef봉부도지수、Pielou균균도지수화Shannon-Wiener지수표현위：화거군락﹥유송군락，연체후기칙상반，저주요시유군락내충간경쟁관계화수열배경적차이조성。4）종합식물군락개도、물충다양성화군락미래적연체추세，화거장기적생태효익원불급유송수충。
Pinus tabulaeformis is the dominant species in the most widely distributed temperate coniferous forest community in northern China. The species is resistant to low temperatures, dry conditions and poor soil nutrient status. It is also one of the most important native tree species for afforestation in large parts of northern China. Rhus typhina Linn. was introduced by Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Botany from North America at 1959, then it was grown widely in North China, Northeast and Northwest. Sprouts the tiller to be strong, resistant the cold, bear the drought and anti-salt alkalescence. The species has a strong ability to adapt to the environment as an introduced species. We selected Rhus typhina Linn. forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest planted at different times, using the space series to replace time courses to capture a range of successional stages. We endeavored to ensure consistency of environmental conditions in the selection of sampling sites. We established 8 and 40 sampling plots for investigating tree and herb communities respectively. The community structure and species composition were compared across the successional series between 2 vegetation restoration patterns. The community diversity at different successional stages was also measured and studied using the methods of Margalef abundance index, Shannon-Wienner index, Pielou' s evenness index. On these bases, ecological benefits were compared across the successional series. In the short term,Rhus typhina Linn. could increase vegetation coverage quickly. However, in the long term, because of the fast growth rate, canopy coverage of staghorn sumac community increased quickly. In the meantime, light radiation on the forest floor evidently decreased, leading to the decrease of species number in the herb layer, Rhus typhina Linn. community could not develop into the climax stage. At 11 years of succession of Rhus typhina Linn., pioneer species such as Artemisia scoparia Salsola collina and Setaria viridis played dominant roles at the early stage of succession, and then plant species decreased rapidly until disappear at the later stage. To Pinus tabulaeformis, in the short term, Pinus tabulaeformis grew slowly, which ecological benefits blowed Rhus typhina Linn. While after 11years of succession, the Pinus tabulaeformis community formed a arbor-shrub-herb 3 layers structure, and structure was perfecting. Annual pioneer species such as Artemisia scoparia and Setaria viridis firstly occurred at the beginning stage of succession, then other dominant species such as Bothriochloa ischaemun and Poa sphondylodes appeared in turn, after 11 years, kinds of shrub such as Rosa xanthina and Lespedeza bicolor appeared in the community. At the beginning stage of succession, Margalef Pielou and Shannon-Wiener indexes of two vegetation restoration patterns showed in the order:Rhus typhina Linn. community﹥Pinus tabulaeformis community, at the later stage, on contrast. The result was largely due to the differents of interspecific competition water and warm factors between two restoration patterns. So the community coverage, species diversity, and succession tendency should be regarded as main indexes in reconstruction evaluations. Pinus tabulaeformis was superior by comparing with Rhus typhina Linn. as for ecological benefits.