CAJ | 학술논문

膜下滴灌技术因具有显著的节水、保温、抑盐、增产效果，在新疆自治区棉田中已获得大面积推广应用。在目前的大田棉花生产条件下，结合当地的光热、土壤、机械等条件，因地制宜选择合理的膜下滴灌种植模式，对合理调控棉田土壤水盐分布、促进棉花生长与增产、提高劳动生产率和增加棉农收入等具有十分重要的意义。迄今为止，在新疆自治区主要存在3种典型的膜下滴灌棉花种植模式，分别为传统模式、机采模式和超宽膜模式。该文通过开展实地调查取样，基于种植密度、灌溉定额、根区土壤水盐分布、覆膜宽度以及其它影响棉花生产收益的因素，对3种典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的水分利用效率与经济效益进行了对比分析。结果表明，由于各种种植模式下不同的种植密度、灌溉定额、根区土壤水盐分布、覆膜宽度等对棉花的耗水与产量产生了较大影响，导致棉花的水分利用效率存在明显差异：超宽膜模式棉花的水分利用效率为1.04 kg/m3，明显高于传统模式的0.98 kg/m3与机采模式的0.89 kg/m3。另外，经济效益受种植模式（影响前期投入与棉花产量）与采棉方式（影响采棉支出与籽棉收购单价）的影响较大：超宽膜模式具有最高的经济效益，其单位面积纯收入达18582元/hm2，稍高于机采模式下的18298元/hm2，传统模式下纯收入最低，仅11725元/hm2。因此，为高效利用农业水资源并增加种棉收益，建议在新疆自治区大力推广超宽膜模式，并对现有采棉机进行适当改进以在超宽膜模式下实现采棉机械化；或适当调整现有机采模式下的滴灌带布置形式（如将其布置在窄行的中央），但相关的效应仍有待更进一步研究。
막하적관기술인구유현저적절수、보온、억염、증산효과，재신강자치구면전중이획득대면적추엄응용。재목전적대전면화생산조건하，결합당지적광열、토양、궤계등조건，인지제의선택합리적막하적관충식모식，대합리조공면전토양수염분포、촉진면화생장여증산、제고노동생산솔화증가면농수입등구유십분중요적의의。흘금위지，재신강자치구주요존재3충전형적막하적관면화충식모식，분별위전통모식、궤채모식화초관막모식。해문통과개전실지조사취양，기우충식밀도、관개정액、근구토양수염분포、복막관도이급기타영향면화생산수익적인소，대3충전형막하적관면화충식모식적수분이용효솔여경제효익진행료대비분석。결과표명，유우각충충식모식하불동적충식밀도、관개정액、근구토양수염분포、복막관도등대면화적모수여산양산생료교대영향，도치면화적수분이용효솔존재명현차이：초관막모식면화적수분이용효솔위1.04 kg/m3，명현고우전통모식적0.98 kg/m3여궤채모식적0.89 kg/m3。령외，경제효익수충식모식（영향전기투입여면화산량）여채면방식（영향채면지출여자면수구단개）적영향교대：초관막모식구유최고적경제효익，기단위면적순수입체18582원/hm2，초고우궤채모식하적18298원/hm2，전통모식하순수입최저，부11725원/hm2。인차，위고효이용농업수자원병증가충면수익，건의재신강자치구대력추엄초관막모식，병대현유채면궤진행괄당개진이재초관막모식하실현채면궤계화；혹괄당조정현유궤채모식하적적관대포치형식（여장기포치재착행적중앙），단상관적효응잉유대경진일보연구。
Drip irrigation under film has been widely applied in cotton field of Xinjiang autonomous region, because of its significant advantages on saving water, raising soil temperature, decreasing soil salinity in root zone, and consequently increasing cotton yield. Under current field conditions of cotton production, choosing a suitable planting mode for drip irrigated cotton under film according to the local conditions of heat, radiation, soil and mechanization, is very important for adjusting the distribution of soil water and salt in field, advancing cotton growth, raising cotton yield and labor productivity, and increasing income of farmers. Total three typical planting modes of drip irrigated cotton under film, such as traditional mode, mechanical picking mode and super wide film mode, have been built up in Xinjiang autonomous region up to now. Based on planting density, irrigation quota, the distribution of soil water and salt in root zone, the width of plastic film and other factors impacting cotton production benefit, this study compared the three typical planting modes regarding water use efficiency and economic benefit by carrying out field investigation. Obvious difference in water use efficiency was found among the three typical planting modes because of the great difference in water consumption and yield, which might be caused by the specific planting density, irrigation quota, distribution of soil water and salt in root zone and width of plastic film for each planting mode. Water use efficiency for the super wide film mode was 1.04 kg/m3, and was much higher than 0.98 kg/m3 for the traditional mode and 0.89 kg/m3 for the mechanical picking mode. Moreover, economic benefit was greatly affected by both planting modes (influencing initial investments and cotton yield) and cotton-picking types (influencing cotton-picking cost and cotton price). The economic benefit for the super wide film mode topped with 18,582 yuan/hm2, and was slightly higher than that for the mechanical picking mode (18,298 yuan/hm2), while that for the traditional mode was the lowest with only 11,725 yuan/hm2. Therefore, in order to utilize agricultural water resource efficiently and increase income of planting cotton, the super wide film mode might be a good choice and was suggested to be widely promoted in Xinjiang autonomous region. However, some improvements should be made on the existing cotton pickers in order to bring about mechanization of cotton picking for the super wide film mode. Alternatively, adjusting the location of drip pipes for the mechanical picking mode (e.g. putting drip pipe in the middle of narrow row) might be a good choice, but the resulted water use efficiency and benefit should be further studied.