CAJ | 학술논문

中国主要粮食作物机械化生产已进入从单环节生产机械化向全程化发展的关键阶段，并在长期的发展过程中形成了多种工程模式。但目前鲜有研究从全程化、产业化、组织化、规模化的角度对其进行深入分析。因此，该文从系统工程的角度构建起主要粮食作物机械化生产工程模式体系框架。为了验证模式构建的合理性，客观分析不同模式的效果，该文在科学、实用、引导、可比、可行原则的基础上构建了一套评价指标体系。根据量化的难易程度，将指标分为易于量化的评价指标和不易量化的分析指标2种类型。评价指标以先进性、完备性、匹配度和经济性为评价准则，分析指标包括生态性、融合度、政策性和组织化指标。指标权重采用3轮专家匿名打分的方式获得，同时运用“现代农业发展目标与要求+统计数据分析+发达国家与地区经验+实际调查+专家咨询”相结合的方法得到指标标准值。在对全国不同区域采集数据进行评价的基础上，该文选取广西水稻机械化生产4种典型模式为例进行实例分析，从结果可以看出，该模式构建方法和评价指标体系具有较好的实用性，可推广应用并在实践中进一步完善。
중국주요양식작물궤계화생산이진입종단배절생산궤계화향전정화발전적관건계단，병재장기적발전과정중형성료다충공정모식。단목전선유연구종전정화、산업화、조직화、규모화적각도대기진행심입분석。인차，해문종계통공정적각도구건기주요양식작물궤계화생산공정모식체계광가。위료험증모식구건적합이성，객관분석불동모식적효과，해문재과학、실용、인도、가비、가행원칙적기출상구건료일투평개지표체계。근거양화적난역정도，장지표분위역우양화적평개지표화불역양화적분석지표2충류형。평개지표이선진성、완비성、필배도화경제성위평개준칙，분석지표포괄생태성、융합도、정책성화조직화지표。지표권중채용3륜전가닉명타분적방식획득，동시운용“현대농업발전목표여요구+통계수거분석+발체국가여지구경험+실제조사+전가자순”상결합적방법득도지표표준치。재대전국불동구역채집수거진행평개적기출상，해문선취엄서수도궤계화생산4충전형모식위례진행실례분석，종결과가이간출，해모식구건방법화평개지표체계구유교호적실용성，가추엄응용병재실천중진일보완선。
Mechanized production engineering mode for major food crops has the similar features as agricultural engineering mode. It is a comprehensive integration of technical factors and non-technical factors, which needs matching and synergy of each element to achieve goals effectively. Mechanized production for major food crops in China has stepped into a critical stage of full mechanization from seed treatment to grain drying, a variety of engineering modes have been formed in the long developing process. With the systems engineering theory, a six-dimensional analytical framework was established, of which the second dimension“mode construction”is the basis of other researches. The mode structure composes of subject (major planter, family farm, cooperative, leading enterprise and ordinary farmers), object (corn, wheat and rice),demand, objectives, technical route and agricultural machines, which include the full processes of tillage, planting, weeding, fertilizing, plant protection, harvesting, straw treatment and grain drying. An evaluation index system was set up to measure the effect of the mode, and promote the mode to meet the modern agriculture’s requirement of high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, ecology and safety as well. Based on the principles of scientificity, practicability, guiding, comparability and feasibility, the index system consists of 10 evaluation indices and 4 analysis indices. The advancement, completeness, matching degrees and economic features are taken as the evaluation criteria while the ecological characteristics, integration, policy and organizational features are taken as the analytical indices. The indices are measured from the aspects of mechanized farming rate, operational efficiency, fuel consumption, the implement, farm power, land size, purchasing power of farmers, effect on increasing yield and income, influence to ecological environment, integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, support policy and organization development. Three rounds of expert anonymous scoring method were used to get index weight. Meanwhile, the combination methods of"modern agricultural development objectives and requirements+statistical data analysis+experience of developed countries and regions+field investigation+expert consultation"were used to get the standard value of each index. In order to test the scientific level of the index system, researchers collected data from different regions in China. And four typical modes of paddy mechanized production in Guangxi, which are“engineering mode of paddy field key processes mechanized production by ordinary farmers”,“engineering mode of paddy field key processes mechanized production by small cooperatives”, “engineering mode of paddy field key processes mechanized production by medium cooperatives” and “engineering mode of paddy field key processes and post treatment mechanized production by large cooperatives”, were selected as the evaluation cases among the various modes. The evaluation results show that the“engineering mode of paddy field key processes and post treatment mechanized production by large cooperatives” has obvious advantages. But at present, the cooperatives set up by farmers can hardly form this mode naturally without government supports in policy, funding, machinery, knowledge and technology because of the deficiency of fund. So to some extent, some measures should be taken by government to guide the appropriate organizations’ development and formation of optimization mode, and furthermore to fully play the optimization mode’s demonstration and leading roles. The mode construction method and index system are practical and can be improved in practice.