CAJ | 학술논문

废水厌氧处理技术自从1860年左右开始得到快速发展，尤其是高效厌氧反应器的研发，使得其应用范围逐步由传统温和的环境和水质条件转向各种极端条件。然而，一般认为厌氧反应器的目标主要还停留在实现废水中有机污染物的甲烷化与高效去除层面，功能比较单一。在实际厌氧反应器中，其他污染物如氮、硫等同样得到不同程度的去除；此外，厌氧反应器的其他新型功能拓展研究也逐步受到关注。然而，目前这些研究大多数围绕着某一个特定研究点展开，相对独立，其研究现状和应用效果缺乏系统的汇总与梳理。该文一方面对厌氧处理技术的发展和厌氧反应器传统功能研究现状进行归纳；另一方面着重对其实现脱硫、脱氮、除磷、除钙软化以及原位沼气提纯等拓展功能的作用原理和过程特点进行综述，以达到系统解析厌氧反应器在废水处理中多重功能作用的目的。同时，该文在综述过程中发现目前多功能厌氧反应器在构型、运行参数、耦合模型构建与调控等方面的研究存在严重不足，难以保证反应器整体性能最优化。通过综述废水厌氧处理反应器功能拓展研究进展可能会对厌氧处理技术进一步发展以及新型多功能厌氧反应器研发有着一定的借鉴意义。
폐수염양처리기술자종1860년좌우개시득도쾌속발전，우기시고효염양반응기적연발，사득기응용범위축보유전통온화적배경화수질조건전향각충겁단조건。연이，일반인위염양반응기적목표주요환정류재실현폐수중유궤오염물적갑완화여고효거제층면，공능비교단일。재실제염양반응기중，기타오염물여담、류등동양득도불동정도적거제；차외，염양반응기적기타신형공능탁전연구야축보수도관주。연이，목전저사연구대다수위요착모일개특정연구점전개，상대독립，기연구현상화응용효과결핍계통적회총여소리。해문일방면대염양처리기술적발전화염양반응기전통공능연구현상진행귀납；령일방면착중대기실현탈류、탈담、제린、제개연화이급원위소기제순등탁전공능적작용원리화과정특점진행종술，이체도계통해석염양반응기재폐수처리중다중공능작용적목적。동시，해문재종술과정중발현목전다공능염양반응기재구형、운행삼수、우합모형구건여조공등방면적연구존재엄중불족，난이보증반응기정체성능최우화。통과종술폐수염양처리반응기공능탁전연구진전가능회대염양처리기술진일보발전이급신형다공능염양반응기연발유착일정적차감의의。
Since 1860, anaerobic technology has undergone rapid development, particularly with the invention of the high-rate anaerobic reactors, and has been widely applied in treating different types of wastewater under extreme environmental conditions. However, the major functional role of anaerobic reactors is generally considered to be removing organic pollutants via methanogenesis. In fact, the actual reactions involved in anaerobic reactors are extremely complex, which also have positive effects on removing inorganic pollutants (N, P, S, etc.). The performance of the removal of inorganic pollutants could be further enhanced by ex-situ/in-situ methods. Recent studies also showed that calcium removal for water softening and in-situ biogas upgrading could be achieved through anaerobic reactors. Nevertheless, the research work of the above-mentioned field has appeared to be relatively independent and scattered so far. First, in this paper, the state of the art of anaerobic wastewater treatment and the traditional role of anaerobic reactors are summarized. Then, the expanded roles of anaerobic reactors in desulfurization, denitrification, phosphorus removal, softening treatment, and in-situ biogas upgrading were elaborately reviewed in terms of their feasibility and process description. A major problem for the anaerobic treatment of sulfate-contaminated wastewater is the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which greatly inhibits the methanogenesis process. The introduction of the biological sulfide oxidation step could not only reduce sulfide toxicity, but could also recover sulfur in the form of the insoluble elemental sulfur. As for denitrification, the integration of methanogenesis with the traditional denitrification process or even the novel anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process has been proven to be able to remove organic pollutants and ammonia simultaneously. Phosphorus removal by physico-chemical and/or biological methods was also demonstrated in the anaerobic reactors; however, the involved mechanism and phosphorus transformation pathway need to be further investigated. High-strength of calcium ions was shown to have adverse impacts on the capacity and stability of both anaerobic reactors and post-treatment facilities. The combination of the stripping or crystallization devices with anaerobic reactors was effective at inducing precipitation of calcium carbonate to alleviate the inhibition of calcium ions. Problems due to the precipitation and accumulation of calcium carbonate in the anaerobic granules (hereafter referred to as the inorganic-nucleus based anaerobic granules) were also observed, which shows promise for the development of an innovative in-situ calcium removal strategy. Specifically, by enhancing the formation of the inorganic-nucleus based anaerobic granules and regularly peeling away the inorganic-nucleus, the calcium ions can be in-situ removed from anaerobic reactors. Nevertheless, its feasibility needs to be further studied. Anaerobic reactors also showed great potential for the in-situ biogas upgrading, which has significant advantages over other ex-situ and physico-chemical methods. Several in-situ strategies (such as side-stream CO2 desorption, operation at elevated auto-generated pressure) have also been developed that take advantage of the fact that carbon dioxide (CO2) is much more soluble than methane (CH4) in the liquid phase, especially under high-pressure conditions. However, they posed certain technical challenges such as CH4 loss and disposal of the retained CO2. In this case, biological processes such as the enhanced hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, can be used to overcome some of these technical challenges. Conclusively, the multifunctional role of anaerobic reactors in wastewater treatment is gradually recognized. The overall performance of the multifunctional anaerobic reactors needs to be optimized in respect to the reactor structure, operational parameters, and the construction and regulation of the involved coupling models. The role of anaerobic reactors in the production of other bio-based energy (hydrogen, electricity,etc.) and chemicals (organic acids, alcohols,etc.) is another emerging research area for anaerobic technology.