CAJ | 학술논문

取水许可是目前中国水资源管理的主要落实手段。取水许可制度的实际运行情况是未来水权制度建设的基础。以格尔木市为典型，分析了取水管理的发展演变历程：工程管理阶段、城市部门主管阶段、水利部门主管阶段和取水许可初步完善阶段。目前面临的主要问题是已有的取水许可制度与正在建设的水权制度的冲突：取水许可属于行政管理行为，而水权属于产权。取水许可可以根据政府政策进行调整，而水权必须作为财产，根据民法来切实保护，不能由政府随意变动或剥夺。水权初始分配可以继承过去的取水许可作为初始水权，但取水许可制度代替不了水权制度，而必须为水权制度让路。
취수허가시목전중국수자원관리적주요락실수단。취수허가제도적실제운행정황시미래수권제도건설적기출。이격이목시위전형，분석료취수관리적발전연변역정：공정관리계단、성시부문주관계단、수리부문주관계단화취수허가초보완선계단。목전면림적주요문제시이유적취수허가제도여정재건설적수권제도적충돌：취수허가속우행정관리행위，이수권속우산권。취수허가가이근거정부정책진행조정，이수권필수작위재산，근거민법래절실보호，불능유정부수의변동혹박탈。수권초시분배가이계승과거적취수허가작위초시수권，단취수허가제도대체불료수권제도，이필수위수권제도양로。
There was no water withdrawal governance at the beginning when Golmud City was firstly constructed as Aerdunquke Kazakh Autonomous District in 1954. Before 1977, the main task of wa- ter management was to construct water supply and hydropower engineering projects for supplying water and electricity for the city. From 1978 - 1990, there was still no water permission regulation under the administration of city construction department of the government. In 1990, Golmud city took the lead to enforced water withdrawal permission regulation in Qinghai province. Now almost all water us- ers, except military units and small irrigation districts, applied and got water withdrawal permission. Although the initial water right distribution approved by the city Government in 2010 inherited water permission licensed before, and clear water use right can give support to future water permission trea- ting, there are radical difference between water permission and water right. Water permission is a kind of administration tool of the government, while water right is a kind of asset of users. Water permission regulation should be substituted by water right institution for the long term.