CAJ | 학술논문

为了解当前中国大豆种植效益偏低的症结所在,提出节本增效的技术途径,对黑龙江省三江平原农垦系统主要大豆栽培模式进行投入产出效益分析,比较各模式的优劣。选取典型、一致地块,在统一品种、统一施肥的条件下,记载各模式大豆生产各环节的人力、物力投入情况,进行投入产出及效益分析。结果表明,在三江平原推广的大豆综合栽培技术模式中,大垄＂行间覆膜＂技术增产效果最为显著,2009—2010年单位面积产量最高,分别达4572.0kg/hm2和3880.5kg/hm2;玉米茬＂原垄卡种＂保水、省工,是节本增收的栽培措施,2009年单位面积效益最高,达9518.7元/hm2,2010年单位面积效益排在第二位;＂大垄密＂集合垄作和平作优势,便于优化群体结构,提高光能利用率,2009—2010年产量分别达到4002.0kg/hm2和3288.0kg/hm2;＂三垄＂栽培技术抗涝保收,是低湿地区和地块种植大豆的适宜栽培方式,2009—2010年产量分别达到3597.0kg/hm2和3273.0kg/hm2。农村小农户生产规模小,大型农机具少,技术到位率低,大豆产量明显低于邻近国有农场,2009—2010年产量分别达到2935.5kg/hm2和2497.5kg/hm2。由此得出,大垄＂行间覆膜＂等模式化栽培技术体系在三江平原农垦系统已趋成熟,但需根据具体条件灵活选择。农村地区要推进规模化种植,提高机械化水平,重点推广秋季深松整地和轮作倒茬等技术,提高技术到位率。
위료해당전중국대두충식효익편저적증결소재,제출절본증효적기술도경,대흑룡강성삼강평원농은계통주요대두재배모식진행투입산출효익분석,비교각모식적우렬。선취전형、일치지괴,재통일품충、통일시비적조건하,기재각모식대두생산각배절적인력、물력투입정황,진행투입산출급효익분석。결과표명,재삼강평원추엄적대두종합재배기술모식중,대롱＂행간복막＂기술증산효과최위현저,2009—2010년단위면적산량최고,분별체4572.0kg/hm2화3880.5kg/hm2;옥미치＂원롱잡충＂보수、성공,시절본증수적재배조시,2009년단위면적효익최고,체9518.7원/hm2,2010년단위면적효익배재제이위;＂대롱밀＂집합롱작화평작우세,편우우화군체결구,제고광능이용솔,2009—2010년산량분별체도4002.0kg/hm2화3288.0kg/hm2;＂삼롱＂재배기술항로보수,시저습지구화지괴충식대두적괄의재배방식,2009—2010년산량분별체도3597.0kg/hm2화3273.0kg/hm2。농촌소농호생산규모소,대형농궤구소,기술도위솔저,대두산량명현저우린근국유농장,2009—2010년산량분별체도2935.5kg/hm2화2497.5kg/hm2。유차득출,대롱＂행간복막＂등모식화재배기술체계재삼강평원농은계통이추성숙,단수근거구체조건령활선택。농촌지구요추진규모화충식,제고궤계화수평,중점추엄추계심송정지화륜작도치등기술,제고기술도위솔。
In order to understand the major problems causing low efficiency of the soybean production in China,and to find the technical countermeasures,the major soybean planting models of a state farm in the eastern part of Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province were compared using the input-output analysis.After selecting the typical and uniform fields,the manpower and material input of different planting models during growth period were recorded and the output benefits were analyzed under the conditions of the same variety and fertilization level.The results showed that,among the models investigated,the Wide Ridge with Plastic Mulching Model（WRPM） ranked first in yield enhancement,which was 4572.0 kg/hm 2 in 2009 and 3880.5 kg/hm 2 in 2010,respectively.Direct Seeding on Corn-stubble Ridge Model（DSCR） was the least in water and labor consumption,and produced high benefit（9518.7 yuan/hm 2 in 2009,the highest among the four models,and the second in 2010）.Wide Ridge and Densely Planting Model（WRDP） integrated the advantages of the ridge and flat plantings,resulting in optimum plant distribution and high population photosynthetic efficiency in the field,yielding 4002.0 kg/hm 2 in 2009 and 3288.0 kg/hm 2 in 2010.＂ Ridge Three ＂ model was effective in water management,whose yield were 3597.0 kg/hm 2 in 2009 and 3273.0 kg/hm 2 in 2010,which was an suitable choice for soybean cultivation in low and wet lands.Soybean yield of individual farms in the countryside were 2935.5 kg/hm 2 in 2009 and 2497.5 kg/hm 2 in 2010,both were lower than those of the neighboring state farms,because of the limited field size,low mechanization level,poor management,etc.Comprehensive soybean planting models like WRPM were sophisticated and effective in Sanjinang Plain state farm system in term of the yield increase and benefit enhancement,but all models were subject to climate condition,technology and mechanization levels,indicating that farmers had to choose the suitable models according to their actual conditions.To improve the soybean production level of small individual farms in the countryside,the emphasis should be paid on the production scale enlargement,mechanization enhancement,and the extension of comprehensive planting models and the key technologies especially the deep chisel tillage and rotation,to ensure the standardization of the farming works.