CAJ | 학술논문

为了探讨苹果品种间理化品质的差异，给选育新品种和苹果合理加工利用提供理论支持，采集了30个苹果品种为试材进行模式识别分析。该试验所用苹果在2011年8-10月份按照苹果可采成熟度（九成熟）在辽宁省兴城市国家种质资源圃进行采集。试验测定了单果质量、体积、密度、果皮颜色、硬度、糖酸比、维生素C等20项理化品质指标，采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对苹果品种和品质关系进行了分析。结果显示，30个品种苹果的密度、果型指数和含水率3项指标未表现出差异。对剩余17项品质指标进行了主成分分析，依据主成分解释总变量和碎石图提取了6个主成分反映原变量的82.3%的信息。第一主成分主要综合了可滴定酸、糖酸比及固酸比的信息即口尝品质因子；第二主成分主要综合了L值，a值和b值的信息，命名为颜色因子；其余主成分依次为甜度因子、质构因子、内在品质因子和果个大小因子。结合主成分得分图直观地显示了苹果品种和理化指标间关系：辽伏、理想、早金冠和瑞光分布在PC1和PC2的正向区间，糖酸比和固酸比值较大、口感好，但是果皮颜色较绿，是品质较好的早熟苹果；寒富、赤阳和红富士依次落在PC1和PC2第四区间，食用品质好、果皮颜色较红，是较为常见的晚熟苹果。分布在第二区间的普利阿姆，白星，Pvma果皮颜色绿且口感酸涩，不适宜鲜食，这些品种可能较为适宜进行加工。第三区间品种固酸比、甜酸比取值较小但是果皮颜色红，为选育果皮颜色受消费者喜爱且内在品质好的早熟品种提供了理论支持。聚类分析将30个品种苹果分为5类，聚类结果与主成分得分图结果基本一致，该试验初步判定30个品种苹果是否适宜鲜食，为苹果品种选育和加工应用利用提供理论依据。為瞭探討蘋果品種間理化品質的差異，給選育新品種和蘋果閤理加工利用提供理論支持，採集瞭30箇蘋果品種為試材進行模式識彆分析。該試驗所用蘋果在2011年8-10月份按照蘋果可採成熟度（九成熟）在遼寧省興城市國傢種質資源圃進行採集。試驗測定瞭單果質量、體積、密度、果皮顏色、硬度、糖痠比、維生素C等20項理化品質指標，採用描述性統計、主成分和聚類分析方法對蘋果品種和品質關繫進行瞭分析。結果顯示，30箇品種蘋果的密度、果型指數和含水率3項指標未錶現齣差異。對剩餘17項品質指標進行瞭主成分分析，依據主成分解釋總變量和碎石圖提取瞭6箇主成分反映原變量的82.3%的信息。第一主成分主要綜閤瞭可滴定痠、糖痠比及固痠比的信息即口嘗品質因子；第二主成分主要綜閤瞭L值，a值和b值的信息，命名為顏色因子；其餘主成分依次為甜度因子、質構因子、內在品質因子和果箇大小因子。結閤主成分得分圖直觀地顯示瞭蘋果品種和理化指標間關繫：遼伏、理想、早金冠和瑞光分佈在PC1和PC2的正嚮區間，糖痠比和固痠比值較大、口感好，但是果皮顏色較綠，是品質較好的早熟蘋果；寒富、赤暘和紅富士依次落在PC1和PC2第四區間，食用品質好、果皮顏色較紅，是較為常見的晚熟蘋果。分佈在第二區間的普利阿姆，白星，Pvma果皮顏色綠且口感痠澀，不適宜鮮食，這些品種可能較為適宜進行加工。第三區間品種固痠比、甜痠比取值較小但是果皮顏色紅，為選育果皮顏色受消費者喜愛且內在品質好的早熟品種提供瞭理論支持。聚類分析將30箇品種蘋果分為5類，聚類結果與主成分得分圖結果基本一緻，該試驗初步判定30箇品種蘋果是否適宜鮮食，為蘋果品種選育和加工應用利用提供理論依據。
위료탐토평과품충간이화품질적차이，급선육신품충화평과합리가공이용제공이론지지，채집료30개평과품충위시재진행모식식별분석。해시험소용평과재2011년8-10월빈안조평과가채성숙도（구성숙）재요녕성흥성시국가충질자원포진행채집。시험측정료단과질량、체적、밀도、과피안색、경도、당산비、유생소C등20항이화품질지표，채용묘술성통계、주성분화취류분석방법대평과품충화품질관계진행료분석。결과현시，30개품충평과적밀도、과형지수화함수솔3항지표미표현출차이。대잉여17항품질지표진행료주성분분석，의거주성분해석총변량화쇄석도제취료6개주성분반영원변량적82.3%적신식。제일주성분주요종합료가적정산、당산비급고산비적신식즉구상품질인자；제이주성분주요종합료L치，a치화b치적신식，명명위안색인자；기여주성분의차위첨도인자、질구인자、내재품질인자화과개대소인자。결합주성분득분도직관지현시료평과품충화이화지표간관계：료복、이상、조금관화서광분포재PC1화PC2적정향구간，당산비화고산비치교대、구감호，단시과피안색교록，시품질교호적조숙평과；한부、적양화홍부사의차락재PC1화PC2제사구간，식용품질호、과피안색교홍，시교위상견적만숙평과。분포재제이구간적보리아모，백성，Pvma과피안색록차구감산삽，불괄의선식，저사품충가능교위괄의진행가공。제삼구간품충고산비、첨산비취치교소단시과피안색홍，위선육과피안색수소비자희애차내재품질호적조숙품충제공료이론지지。취류분석장30개품충평과분위5류，취류결과여주성분득분도결과기본일치，해시험초보판정30개품충평과시부괄의선식，위평과품충선육화가공응용이용제공이론의거。
The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations in physical and chemical characteristics of apple fruit from 30 varieties grown in the same place using pattern recognition tools. Twenty quality parameters of apple samples (e.g. weight,volume, density, color, hardness, sugar-acid ratio, Vitamin C, etc.) were analyzed. Interrelationships between the parameters and the apple variety were investigated by descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). PCA is a mathematical tool which performs a reduction in data dimensionality and allows the visualisation of underlying structure in experimental data and relationships between data and samples.In hierarchical cluster analysis, samples are grouped on the basis of similarities, without taking into account the information about the class membership. The results obtained following HCA are shown as a dendrogram in which five well-defined clusters are visible. Samples will be grouped in clusters in terms of their nearness or similarity. Cluster analysis uses less information (distances only) than PCA. It is interesting to observe what kind of classification can be made on the basis of distances only. The results showed that density, fruit shape index and water content of 30 apple varieties were not significantly different. The remaining seventeen measurements were investigated by principal component analysis. The first six components represented 83.56% of the total variability on the base of the total variance explained and screen plot of principal component analysis. The first principal component was related to titratable acidity, sugar-acid ratio and solid-acid ratio attributes, which were the taste quality factor. The second principal component was related to L,a, andb attributes, which were the color factor. Following that were sweetness factor, texture factor, quality factor and size factor. The sample score plots visually displayed the relationship between measurements and apple varieties. The varieties of Liaofu, Lixiang, Golden Delicious and Rome Beauty were located on the first quadrant of the plot for PC1 vs. PC2. They had better quality of among the mid-early maturity apples with high content of sugar-acid and solid-acid ratios which were good characteristics of taste even though their skin color was green. The varieties of Hanfu, Rainier and Fuji were located on the fourth quadrant of the same plot. They were common late maturity apples with red color and good quality for eating. Priam, Baixing and Pvma were located on the second quadrant of the plot, which may be suitable for processing not for eating, and they had a green skin color and sour taste. The varieties located on third quadrant were red but had low sugar-acid and solid-acid ratios, which can be used as breeding materials for red color and good quality of the early maturity apple. HCA classified 30 varieties into five main groups on the basis of the measured parameters, which was consistent with the results of PCA score plots. These results can be used preliminarily to determine whether the 30 apple varieties were appropriate for eating or for processing or for use as a breeding stock for future apple variety development.