CAJ | 학술논문

提1898年《马氏文通》出版到1924年《新著国语文法》出版前（1898-1923）中国语法研究分两个阶段：前段（1898-1919）是文言“词本位”文法产生，文法属于文章学，为了会通和写作文章。后段（1920-1923）是国语“句本位”文法创建，文法独立，为了教学研究和推广国语。本文谈前段：中国现代语法学文言“词本位”文法体系《马氏文通》和有文法内容的现代文章学《汉文典》两部开山之作产生。两部开山之作支配、影响下出现一本《言文一贯虚字使用法》外，五种文章学文法教科书：《中等国文典》《中华中学文法要略》《文法会通》《文法要略》《新体国文典讲义》。这个阶段“文法”有两义：一指Grammar（葛朗玛），一指文章学。五书前两种文法独立，是照《马氏文通》词法蕴涵句法内容的“词本位”文法，后三种文法内容结合在文章学中。五书共定汉语词法内容是：继《马氏文通》确立汉语九品词和每品的分类及其基本句法功能；确认汉语词类有“假借”“变性”的转类和词的位置次序及虚词用法的重要性。提出汉语句法单位有词、短语、句三级，句法结构分主要成分、附属成分；主要成分分主语、谓语（谓语可有连带成分宾语、足语），附属成分分形容词性的、副词性的。句法成分可有移位、省略变化。汉语句子按语气分叙述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。这些为“词本位”文法嬗变下阶段“句本位”的创建创造了条件。
제1898년《마씨문통》출판도1924년《신저국어문법》출판전（1898-1923）중국어법연구분량개계단：전단（1898-1919）시문언“사본위”문법산생，문법속우문장학，위료회통화사작문장。후단（1920-1923）시국어“구본위”문법창건，문법독립，위료교학연구화추엄국어。본문담전단：중국현대어법학문언“사본위”문법체계《마씨문통》화유문법내용적현대문장학《한문전》량부개산지작산생。량부개산지작지배、영향하출현일본《언문일관허자사용법》외，오충문장학문법교과서：《중등국문전》《중화중학문법요략》《문법회통》《문법요략》《신체국문전강의》。저개계단“문법”유량의：일지Grammar（갈랑마），일지문장학。오서전량충문법독립，시조《마씨문통》사법온함구법내용적“사본위”문법，후삼충문법내용결합재문장학중。오서공정한어사법내용시：계《마씨문통》학립한어구품사화매품적분류급기기본구법공능；학인한어사류유“가차”“변성”적전류화사적위치차서급허사용법적중요성。제출한어구법단위유사、단어、구삼급，구법결구분주요성분、부속성분；주요성분분주어、위어（위어가유련대성분빈어、족어），부속성분분형용사성적、부사성적。구법성분가유이위、성략변화。한어구자안어기분서술구、의문구、기사구、감우구。저사위“사본위”문법선변하계단“구본위”적창건창조료조건。
From the year 1898 when Mashiwentong(《马氏文通》)was born, to 1923 before the New Chinese Grammar(《新著国语文法》)had published, Chinese grammar study can be divided into two phases. The first phase(1898-1919) was the time when word-orientation grammar was born, which was based on the classical ancient Chinese. Word-orientation grammar belonged to writing-ology, and served for article’s understanding and composition. The second phase(1920-1923) was the time when sentence-orientation grammar was born, which was based on the modern Chinese language. The sentence-orientation grammar was independent, and aimed for the study and popularization of modern Chinese. This paper(part A)is going to discuss the first phase we mentioned above. Two pioneer works of modern Chinese grammar, the word-orientation grammar system generated by Mashiwentong (《马氏文通》)and the modern writing-ology work with some grammatical content, the Book of Chinese Language. Appeared under the influence of these two works were the use of Function Words in Speaking and Writing and other five textbooks of grammar or writing-ology, the Medium Chinese Language Book, the Summary of Middle School Grammar, Master of WenFa, the Summary of WenFa, the Handouts of New Chinese WenFa. During this phase, the word WenFa(文法)had two meanings. One means the grammar, and other means the writing-ology. The five books we mentioned above had their differences as well, the WenFa(文法)in the first two books were talking about the grammar that based on the Mashiwentong(《马氏文通》)’s word-orientation idea. The last three books’WenFa(文法)were integrated in the content of writing-ology. The general morphology ideas in these five books were:Following the concepts of nine grades of Chinese words and the classification of each grades’basic syntactic function that Mashiwentong(《马氏文通》)had established; Confirming the importance of the class-switch that Chinese word had through borrowing or degeneration, the order and place of the word and the usage of function word. Presenting word, phrase and sentence were the three levels of Chinese grammar units; Distinguishing two different components of the syntactic structure: the main component and the affiliate component. The main component included subject and predicate(with its association like object or complement). The affiliate component fell into adjective or adverb. The components of the syntactic structure sometimes could be shifted or omitted as well. The sentences in Chinese can be organized according their moods or tones, like the declarative sentence, the interrogative sentence, the imperative sentence and the exclamatory sentence. These studies created the condition for the grammar transition from word-orientation to sentence-orientation.