农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2013年
14期
130-138
,共9页
马丽娟%侯振安※%闵伟%段锦波%侯森%冶军
馬麗娟%侯振安※%閔偉%段錦波%侯森%冶軍
마려연%후진안※%민위%단금파%후삼%야군
灌溉%氮%盐份%棉花%产量%水分利用率%15N回收率
灌溉%氮%鹽份%棉花%產量%水分利用率%15N迴收率
관개%담%염빈%면화%산량%수분이용솔%15N회수솔
irrigation%nitrogen%salts%cotton%yield%water use efficiency%15N recovery
通过田间试验研究了不同灌溉水盐度和灌溉量对棉花水氮利用效率的影响。试验设置三种灌溉水盐度（电导率 EC）：0.35（淡水）、4.61（微咸水）和8.04 dS/m（咸水），分别以 FW、BW 和 SW 表示；两个灌溉量405和540 mm，分别以 I405、I540表示。结果表明微咸水灌溉棉花干物质质量最高，其次是淡水灌溉，咸水灌溉最低。咸水灌溉棉花的氮素吸收量、产量显著降低，但微咸水与淡水灌溉差异不显著。农田蒸散量随灌溉水量的增加而增加，随灌溉水盐度的增加而降低。微咸水灌溉对滴灌棉田蒸散量和水分生产率影响不大，但咸水灌溉导致蒸散量和水分生产率显著降低。15N 同位素标记试验结果表明，三种灌溉水盐度下，高灌量处理（540 mm）较低灌量处理（405 mm）棉花15N回收率平均增加7.51%，土壤15N回收率降低13.20%，15N淋洗损失率增加29.47%。不同灌溉水盐度处理棉花15N回收率为47.02%～59.86%，微咸水灌溉棉花15N回收率与淡水灌溉差异不大，但咸水灌溉棉花15N回收率较淡水和微咸水灌溉分别降低了10.17%和15.23%。不同灌溉水盐度对土壤15N残留率的影响较小，为16.75%～22.41%。15N的淋洗损失率为1.56%～4.71%，表现为随灌溉水盐度的增加而显著增加，咸水和微咸水灌溉15N淋洗损失率平均较淡水灌溉分别增加了80.53%和136.00%。上述结果说明适宜盐度和灌溉量的微咸水滴灌对棉花生长、产量以及水氮利用率影响不大，但高盐度咸水灌溉会导致棉花减产，水氮利用率显著降低。滴灌条件下，氮素的淋洗损失也是氮肥损失的重要途径，尤其是咸水和微咸水灌溉会加剧氮肥的淋洗损失风险。因此，咸水微咸水灌溉条件下减少氮肥的淋洗损失是提高氮肥利用率的重要方面。
通過田間試驗研究瞭不同灌溉水鹽度和灌溉量對棉花水氮利用效率的影響。試驗設置三種灌溉水鹽度（電導率 EC）：0.35（淡水）、4.61（微鹹水）和8.04 dS/m（鹹水），分彆以 FW、BW 和 SW 錶示；兩箇灌溉量405和540 mm，分彆以 I405、I540錶示。結果錶明微鹹水灌溉棉花榦物質質量最高，其次是淡水灌溉，鹹水灌溉最低。鹹水灌溉棉花的氮素吸收量、產量顯著降低，但微鹹水與淡水灌溉差異不顯著。農田蒸散量隨灌溉水量的增加而增加，隨灌溉水鹽度的增加而降低。微鹹水灌溉對滴灌棉田蒸散量和水分生產率影響不大，但鹹水灌溉導緻蒸散量和水分生產率顯著降低。15N 同位素標記試驗結果錶明，三種灌溉水鹽度下，高灌量處理（540 mm）較低灌量處理（405 mm）棉花15N迴收率平均增加7.51%，土壤15N迴收率降低13.20%，15N淋洗損失率增加29.47%。不同灌溉水鹽度處理棉花15N迴收率為47.02%～59.86%，微鹹水灌溉棉花15N迴收率與淡水灌溉差異不大，但鹹水灌溉棉花15N迴收率較淡水和微鹹水灌溉分彆降低瞭10.17%和15.23%。不同灌溉水鹽度對土壤15N殘留率的影響較小，為16.75%～22.41%。15N的淋洗損失率為1.56%～4.71%，錶現為隨灌溉水鹽度的增加而顯著增加，鹹水和微鹹水灌溉15N淋洗損失率平均較淡水灌溉分彆增加瞭80.53%和136.00%。上述結果說明適宜鹽度和灌溉量的微鹹水滴灌對棉花生長、產量以及水氮利用率影響不大，但高鹽度鹹水灌溉會導緻棉花減產，水氮利用率顯著降低。滴灌條件下，氮素的淋洗損失也是氮肥損失的重要途徑，尤其是鹹水和微鹹水灌溉會加劇氮肥的淋洗損失風險。因此，鹹水微鹹水灌溉條件下減少氮肥的淋洗損失是提高氮肥利用率的重要方麵。
통과전간시험연구료불동관개수염도화관개량대면화수담이용효솔적영향。시험설치삼충관개수염도（전도솔 EC）：0.35（담수）、4.61（미함수）화8.04 dS/m（함수），분별이 FW、BW 화 SW 표시；량개관개량405화540 mm，분별이 I405、I540표시。결과표명미함수관개면화간물질질량최고，기차시담수관개，함수관개최저。함수관개면화적담소흡수량、산량현저강저，단미함수여담수관개차이불현저。농전증산량수관개수량적증가이증가，수관개수염도적증가이강저。미함수관개대적관면전증산량화수분생산솔영향불대，단함수관개도치증산량화수분생산솔현저강저。15N 동위소표기시험결과표명，삼충관개수염도하，고관량처리（540 mm）교저관량처리（405 mm）면화15N회수솔평균증가7.51%，토양15N회수솔강저13.20%，15N림세손실솔증가29.47%。불동관개수염도처리면화15N회수솔위47.02%～59.86%，미함수관개면화15N회수솔여담수관개차이불대，단함수관개면화15N회수솔교담수화미함수관개분별강저료10.17%화15.23%。불동관개수염도대토양15N잔류솔적영향교소，위16.75%～22.41%。15N적림세손실솔위1.56%～4.71%，표현위수관개수염도적증가이현저증가，함수화미함수관개15N림세손실솔평균교담수관개분별증가료80.53%화136.00%。상술결과설명괄의염도화관개량적미함수적관대면화생장、산량이급수담이용솔영향불대，단고염도함수관개회도치면화감산，수담이용솔현저강저。적관조건하，담소적림세손실야시담비손실적중요도경，우기시함수화미함수관개회가극담비적림세손실풍험。인차，함수미함수관개조건하감소담비적림세손실시제고담비이용솔적중요방면。
The scarcity of fresh water in arid regions makes saline water a valuable alternative water source for irrigation. In this study, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of saline water irrigation on growth, yield and water use efficiency of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.), as well as plant and soil 15N recovery. Three irrigation water salinity levels were designed as 0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m, representing fresh water (FW), brackish water (BW), and saline water (SW), respectively. Two irrigation amounts were set as 405 mm (I405) and 540 mm (I540) under each irrigation water salinity treatment. Overall, the dry matter weight, N uptake, and yield of cotton increased with irrigation amount increasing from 405 mm to 540 mm, but there were differences under different water salinity treatments. The highest dry matter weight of cotton was found under the BW treatment, which was 9.6%and 20.2%higher than that under the FW and SW treatments, respectively. Plant N uptake and yield under SW treatment was significantly lower than that under FW treatments, but there were no significant difference between the BW and FW treatments. The ET of cotton field increased with irrigation amount increased, but decreased with water salinity increasing from 0.35 dS/mto 4.61 dS/m, and to 8.04 dS/m. BW had the similar ET with FW, but ET was significantly reduced under SW treatment. The water productivity of cotton and the water productivity of irrigation under different treatments ranged from 0.70 to 1.02 kg/m3 and from 0.79 to 1.16 kg/m3, respectively. The water productivity of cotton and the water productivity of irrigation were significantly higher in BW and FW than the SW treatment. The result of 15N Isotopes tracer experiment showed that the plant 15N recovery under the I540 treatments was on average 7.51%higher than that under I405 treatments. The soil 15N recovery was reduced with 13.20% and 15N leaching percentage was increased with 29.47% when irrigation amount increasing from 405 mm to 540 mm. The plant 15N recovery under various treatments ranged from 47.02%to 59.86%under different water salinity treatments. The plant 15N recovery under the SW treatment was 10.17%and 15.23%lower than that under the FW and BW treatments, respectively. The soil 15N recovery under various treatments ranged from 16.75%to 22.14%and was slightly affected by the water salinity. The total recovery of 15N in plants and soils under different treatments ranged from 68.9%to 76.6%with an average of 72.2%. The total recovery of 15N was higher in BW and FW than the SW treatment. The 15N leaching percentage ranged from 1.56% to 4.71% for different treatments and was significantly affected by the water salinity. The 15N leaching percentage was significantly higher in SW and BW than the FW treatment, representing 80.53% and 136.00% increase, respectively. Those results suggest that the yield, water use efficiency, and 15N recovery of cotton are not affected by brackish water with an optimum salinity level and irrigation amount. Saline water irrigation could cause cotton yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly. Nitrogen leaching is one of the major ways of N loss in cotton field under drip irrigation conditions. Saline water and brackish water irrigation may increase the risk of N leaching loss from the root zone. Therefore, minimizing the N leaching loss is very important for promoting N fertilizer use efficiency in cotton field under drip irrigation with saline water.
