CAJ | 학술논문

为提高生产率、降低劳动强度和减少生产成本，荷兰蔬菜育苗生产中广泛使用精量播种生产线、嫁接作业生产线、岩棉块种苗生产线和相应配套机具，并借鉴花卉物流化生产模式，开发出穴盘输送装备、岩棉块搬运铺放专用车等生产物料搬运装备，实现了高效、省力、自动化生产。该文结合生产实例分析了利用岩棉块种苗生产线直接播种生产蔬菜种苗和利用播种生产线、嫁接作业生产线及岩棉块种苗生产线生产蔬菜嫁接苗的作业流程，并讨论了各生产流程的作业特性。综合以上论述，总结出荷兰温室种苗生产具有以下特点：由于岩棉具有保水透气、病菌易控等优点，潮汐灌溉具有操作方便可自控、节约水资源等优点，在温室蔬菜生产中广泛采用岩棉块栽培和潮汐灌溉；蔬菜生产效益低于花卉生产效益，造成蔬菜种植企业在自动化生产方面的资金投入相对较低，与花卉生产相比自动化程度也相对较低；精量播种生产线、嫁接作业生产线和岩棉块种苗生产线构成蔬菜种苗生产装备系统的主体，生产线将装备作业环节与人工作业环节按作业流程有机结合，快速提高蔬菜生产效率；针对蔬菜种苗生产中作业量大、劳动强度大的生产物料搬运环节，采取多种途径，提高自动化作业水平，减轻劳动强度，提高生产率。针对中国温室蔬菜生产所面临的劳动力短缺、劳动成本逐年提高、自动化生产水平低下和作业生产率不高等问题，借鉴荷兰设施园艺自动化生产技术的发展经验，中国蔬菜种苗生产应以提高生产率和降低劳动强度为核心目标，注重集成开发，利用现有成熟技术，重点集中开发自动化装备的关键技术，提高开发效率；在构建设施农业装备生产系统方面，应在提高生产自动化水平的基础上，综合考虑装备性价比，引入温室内部物流化生产模式，构建物流化生产系统，提高种苗生产的总体生产效率，促进中国温室园艺生产模式的现代化转型。為提高生產率、降低勞動彊度和減少生產成本，荷蘭蔬菜育苗生產中廣汎使用精量播種生產線、嫁接作業生產線、巖棉塊種苗生產線和相應配套機具，併藉鑒花卉物流化生產模式，開髮齣穴盤輸送裝備、巖棉塊搬運鋪放專用車等生產物料搬運裝備，實現瞭高效、省力、自動化生產。該文結閤生產實例分析瞭利用巖棉塊種苗生產線直接播種生產蔬菜種苗和利用播種生產線、嫁接作業生產線及巖棉塊種苗生產線生產蔬菜嫁接苗的作業流程，併討論瞭各生產流程的作業特性。綜閤以上論述，總結齣荷蘭溫室種苗生產具有以下特點：由于巖棉具有保水透氣、病菌易控等優點，潮汐灌溉具有操作方便可自控、節約水資源等優點，在溫室蔬菜生產中廣汎採用巖棉塊栽培和潮汐灌溉；蔬菜生產效益低于花卉生產效益，造成蔬菜種植企業在自動化生產方麵的資金投入相對較低，與花卉生產相比自動化程度也相對較低；精量播種生產線、嫁接作業生產線和巖棉塊種苗生產線構成蔬菜種苗生產裝備繫統的主體，生產線將裝備作業環節與人工作業環節按作業流程有機結閤，快速提高蔬菜生產效率；針對蔬菜種苗生產中作業量大、勞動彊度大的生產物料搬運環節，採取多種途徑，提高自動化作業水平，減輕勞動彊度，提高生產率。針對中國溫室蔬菜生產所麵臨的勞動力短缺、勞動成本逐年提高、自動化生產水平低下和作業生產率不高等問題，藉鑒荷蘭設施園藝自動化生產技術的髮展經驗，中國蔬菜種苗生產應以提高生產率和降低勞動彊度為覈心目標，註重集成開髮，利用現有成熟技術，重點集中開髮自動化裝備的關鍵技術，提高開髮效率；在構建設施農業裝備生產繫統方麵，應在提高生產自動化水平的基礎上，綜閤攷慮裝備性價比，引入溫室內部物流化生產模式，構建物流化生產繫統，提高種苗生產的總體生產效率，促進中國溫室園藝生產模式的現代化轉型。
위제고생산솔、강저노동강도화감소생산성본，하란소채육묘생산중엄범사용정량파충생산선、가접작업생산선、암면괴충묘생산선화상응배투궤구，병차감화훼물류화생산모식，개발출혈반수송장비、암면괴반운포방전용차등생산물료반운장비，실현료고효、성력、자동화생산。해문결합생산실례분석료이용암면괴충묘생산선직접파충생산소채충묘화이용파충생산선、가접작업생산선급암면괴충묘생산선생산소채가접묘적작업류정，병토론료각생산류정적작업특성。종합이상논술，총결출하란온실충묘생산구유이하특점：유우암면구유보수투기、병균역공등우점，조석관개구유조작방편가자공、절약수자원등우점，재온실소채생산중엄범채용암면괴재배화조석관개；소채생산효익저우화훼생산효익，조성소채충식기업재자동화생산방면적자금투입상대교저，여화훼생산상비자동화정도야상대교저；정량파충생산선、가접작업생산선화암면괴충묘생산선구성소채충묘생산장비계통적주체，생산선장장비작업배절여인공작업배절안작업류정유궤결합，쾌속제고소채생산효솔；침대소채충묘생산중작업량대、노동강도대적생산물료반운배절，채취다충도경，제고자동화작업수평，감경노동강도，제고생산솔。침대중국온실소채생산소면림적노동력단결、노동성본축년제고、자동화생산수평저하화작업생산솔불고등문제，차감하란설시완예자동화생산기술적발전경험，중국소채충묘생산응이제고생산솔화강저노동강도위핵심목표，주중집성개발，이용현유성숙기술，중점집중개발자동화장비적관건기술，제고개발효솔；재구건설시농업장비생산계통방면，응재제고생산자동화수평적기출상，종합고필장비성개비，인입온실내부물류화생산모식，구건물류화생산계통，제고충묘생산적총체생산효솔，촉진중국온실완예생산모식적현대화전형。
To improve productivity, reduce labor intensity and lower production costs, the Netherlands had been developing precision seeding production line, grafting production line, seedlings production line with stone wool blocks and supporting equipments in vegetable seedlings production. After precision seeding production lines having been widely used for vegetable seedlings production, grafting production line for vegetables has been used to make grafting productivity increase by 50%or more, and seedlings production line with stone wool blocks for vegetables has been used to make transplanting productivity reach up to 7500-1 2000 seedlings per hour. In addition by learning from flowers automated production technologies in vegetable seedlings production, several of transporting equipments of production materials have been developed and widely used such as laying cart of stone wool blocks, trays conveyor belts, human hydraulic vehicle and so on, so as to achieve labor saving production and enhance production efficiency and market competitiveness. This paper introduces a production process of cucumber seedlings using seedlings production line with stone wool blocks and a production process of tomato seedlings grafted with precision seeding production line,grafting production line,and seedlings production line for using stone wool blocks. The operating productivities and manufactories of these production lines are discussed. Based on the above discussion, the greenhouse vegetable seedlings production of the Netherlands has the following characteristics:a) Because of the advantages of high porosity and reducing bacteria for stone wool, and the advantages of convenient operation and water-saving irrigation with tidal, hydroponic with stone wool blocks and tidal irrigation have been widely applied in greenhouse seedlings production; b) Because flower growers invested much more funds on the development of automated production technologies than vegetable growers,the level of flowers automated production is higher than that of vegetables. Many operations and transporting of production materials in vegetable seedlings production need to be done by manpower, and production line for vegetable seedlings is relatively short and not complete;c) The equipment system of vegetable seedlings production is usually composed of precision seeding production line,grafting production line and seedlings production line with stone wool blocks. Being combined with automated equipments and manual operation reasonably, production line would become an effective and easy way to reduce labor demand and enhance productivity;d) It is an important way to develop internal transporting equipment of production materials for reducing labor intensive and increase operating speed. Greenhouse vegetable seedlings production in China is facing labor shortages, low level of production automation, and low productivity. According to the Chinese vegetable seedlings production condition and learning the development experience of horticultural automated production technology in Netherlands, China should focus on developing vegetable seedlings production lines and transporting equipments of production materials to reduce labor demand, enhance productivity, and promote a modern transformation of the Chinese horticultural production.