CAJ | 학술논문

化肥过量施用导致土壤养分累积引起的氮（N）磷（P）淋失是农业面源污染的重要形式。基于有效提高养殖废弃物的资源化利用率和保护地下水水质等目的，通过田间小区试验研究了有机肥（M）与化肥（F）不同配施比例对100 cm深度稻田土壤N淋失特征的影响。结果表明：在整个晚稻生长期内，渗漏水中不同形态溶解态N浓度的动态变化不尽一致，其中总氮（TN）和铵态氮（NH+4-N）的浓度在每次施肥之后1~3 d出现淋失高峰，最大分别达到1.985、1.165 mg N·L-1，而硝态氮（NO-3-N）浓度的变化比较平缓，无明显峰值。就组成成分而言，NH+4-N为淋失TN的主要成分，平均占54.2％；其次是有机态氮（ON），占45.1％；NO-3-N浓度很低（<0.2 mg N·L-1），仅占0.7％。随着有机肥比例的增高，晚稻产量表现为显著（P<0.05）的先增后降变化趋势，与TN及NH+4-N淋失量和淋失率的变化趋势相似，但N的峰值比产量略有滞后。综合考虑施肥的增产作用与土壤N的淋失风险，研究区稻田化肥与有机肥的配比采用7：3较为适当。
화비과량시용도치토양양분루적인기적담（N）린（P）림실시농업면원오염적중요형식。기우유효제고양식폐기물적자원화이용솔화보호지하수수질등목적，통과전간소구시험연구료유궤비（M）여화비（F）불동배시비례대100 cm심도도전토양N림실특정적영향。결과표명：재정개만도생장기내，삼루수중불동형태용해태N농도적동태변화불진일치，기중총담（TN）화안태담（NH+4-N）적농도재매차시비지후1~3 d출현림실고봉，최대분별체도1.985、1.165 mg N·L-1，이초태담（NO-3-N）농도적변화비교평완，무명현봉치。취조성성분이언，NH+4-N위림실TN적주요성분，평균점54.2％；기차시유궤태담（ON），점45.1％；NO-3-N농도흔저（<0.2 mg N·L-1），부점0.7％。수착유궤비비례적증고，만도산량표현위현저（P<0.05）적선증후강변화추세，여TN급NH+4-N림실량화림실솔적변화추세상사，단N적봉치비산량략유체후。종합고필시비적증산작용여토양N적림실풍험，연구구도전화비여유궤비적배비채용7：3교위괄당。
Excessive applications of chemical fertilizers cause nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)leaching and thus agricultural non-point source pollution. Here, we conducted a field experiment to study the impact of manure(M)and chemical fertilizer(F)combination on soil N leaching at a depth of 100 cm in paddy field in red earth hilly area, Hunan Province of China. The results showed that the peak concentra-tions of total nitrogen(TN)and ammonium nitrogen(NH+4-N)in leachates occurred 1~3 d after fertilizer addition and the maximum values were 1.985 mg N·L-1 and 1.165 mg N·L-1 for TN and NH+4-N, respectively. However, nitrate(NO-3-N)concentrations in the leachates were at a relatively low level(<0.02 mg N·L-1)and varied little without any obvious peaks. Of TN in the leachates, NH+4-N was the main form (54.2%), followed by organic nitrogen(45.1%)and NO-3-N least(0.7%). The grain yield of late rice increased in treatments with manure ratios of 0 to 30%, but decreased with 30%to 60%of total nitrogen addition. Leaching amounts and rates of TN and NH+4-N showed similar trends during growth of late rice. Taking into consideration of rice yield and leaching risk of soil N, an application ratio of 7:3 chemical to manure fertilizer is recommended in the studied area.