CAJ | 학술논문

平衡理论强调家畜和草地资源之间的生物反馈，主张采取保守放牧策略保证草地生态系统的稳定性，草地管理的目标是调节草地牧草供给量和家畜饲草需求量平衡。基于非平衡理论的“新草地科学”，则强调气候因素尤其是降水，决定着干旱、半干旱区草地承载力，主张采取机会主义策略，充分利用草地并维持草地基况。传统上，草地载畜量的确定是先计算生长季末的草地产量，利用草地利用率等校正系数校正，再除以家畜的年平均需求量；但由于其没有考虑牧草质量、饲喂价值和家畜营养需求，载畜量估计存在误差，从而导致争议。本文依据国内外研究进展，回顾了草地载畜量概念的发展和演变，比较了草地产量载畜量、营养载畜量（包括标准干草载畜量、总可消化养分及可消化粗蛋白载畜量、能量载畜量）差异，归纳了草地载畜量在应用上的争议。本文指出，由于牧草养分的季节变化动态，采用家畜营养需求法估测的载畜量值通常较草地产量法为低，放牧实践上应采用2种方法相结合估算草地载畜量，根据估算数较低者确定草地载畜量有利于草地可持续利用和保护。草地通常既存在平衡态，也存在非平衡态；而基于平衡理论的保守放牧策略在放牧率和放牧压力上，与基于非平衡理论的机会放牧策略存在差异；放牧管理应结合气候条件、草地基况、草地产权制度、政府贴现与否及市场价格等因素，选择保守放牧策略或机会放牧策略，实现草地畜牧业生产的生态和经济效益。由于生态模型通过模拟草地对放牧的响应及放牧对草地的影响，是草地管理的基础，本文归纳了草地放牧管理相关的生态模型和放牧管理应用程序，以期为草地放牧管理决策提供参考。
평형이론강조가축화초지자원지간적생물반궤，주장채취보수방목책략보증초지생태계통적은정성，초지관리적목표시조절초지목초공급량화가축사초수구량평형。기우비평형이론적“신초지과학”，칙강조기후인소우기시강수，결정착간한、반간한구초지승재력，주장채취궤회주의책략，충분이용초지병유지초지기황。전통상，초지재축량적학정시선계산생장계말적초지산량，이용초지이용솔등교정계수교정，재제이가축적년평균수구량；단유우기몰유고필목초질량、사위개치화가축영양수구，재축량고계존재오차，종이도치쟁의。본문의거국내외연구진전，회고료초지재축량개념적발전화연변，비교료초지산량재축량、영양재축량（포괄표준간초재축량、총가소화양분급가소화조단백재축량、능량재축량）차이，귀납료초지재축량재응용상적쟁의。본문지출，유우목초양분적계절변화동태，채용가축영양수구법고측적재축량치통상교초지산량법위저，방목실천상응채용2충방법상결합고산초지재축량，근거고산수교저자학정초지재축량유리우초지가지속이용화보호。초지통상기존재평형태，야존재비평형태；이기우평형이론적보수방목책략재방목솔화방목압력상，여기우비평형이론적궤회방목책략존재차이；방목관리응결합기후조건、초지기황、초지산권제도、정부첩현여부급시장개격등인소，선택보수방목책략혹궤회방목책략，실현초지축목업생산적생태화경제효익。유우생태모형통과모의초지대방목적향응급방목대초지적영향，시초지관리적기출，본문귀납료초지방목관리상관적생태모형화방목관리응용정서，이기위초지방목관리결책제공삼고。
Based on equilibrium theoretical models,the response of vegetation to grazing pressure is linear and reversible,and can be manipulated predictably with stocking rates.This equilibrium-based theoretical model advocates a conservative stocking strategy to maintain internal ecosystem regulation and stability.The manage-ment goal is to maintain a balance between stocking numbers and feeding resources.In contrast,'new range-land science'based on non-equilibrium ecological dynamics placed greater emphasis on external disturbances as drivers of ecosystem behavior.The ‘new science’,proposes that plant composition and biomass in semi-arid rangelands are primarily driven by rainfall and not by grazing pressure.Management of such systems should be opportunistic and take advantage of,or create,conditions which allow switches to a more desirable state. There are two maj or approaches:plant-or animal-oriented,to determine rangeland carrying capacity (CC). The traditional technique for determining CC is to calculate the total amount of forage at the end of the growing season,multiply this by a correction factor,and then divide by the average yearly feeding requirements of a livestock unit.Using total herbaceous forage productivity as the single criterion to predict the livestock support capacity has been criticized because biomass quality and feeding value for livestock and livestock nutritional needs are largely ignored.Based on research progress,the development and evolution,controversy in the appli-cation of the CC concept are summarized.The plant-,animal-(including standard hay-,total digestible nutri-ents-digestible crude protein-and energy-oriented)oriented CC was also compared.It is evident that in view of the seasonal variation in nutrient content of natural herbage,animal-oriented permissible stocking rates on the whole tend to be lower than those predicted by the plant-oriented approach.The most complete approach to e-valuate primary and secondary productivity of rangelands should combine plant-and animal-based methods, rather than j ust plant oriented.In the case of a conservative grazing strategy,stocking rate was stable and graz-ing pressure fluctuated while for an opportunistic grazing strategy,stocking rate was unstable and grazing pres-sure was stable.Both equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics are found in rangelands,often at different times or governing different parts of the resource.Either conservative or opportunistic strategies could be cor-rect,depending on the circumstances,including environmental variability and predictability,degradation and thresholds,property right regimes,discount rates,and market stability and prices.Finally,rangeland science and management are ultimately based on ecological models.In making management decisions,the specific model used is important because it determines both the expected ecosystem response to particular actions,as well as the strategies to attain desired conditions.The ecological model and grazing lands applications are summed up to provide reference for grazing management decision.