CAJ | 학술논문

生态足迹（ecological footprint，EF）和能值分析（emergy analysis，EA）是评价区域或系统可持续性的重要方法，能值生态足迹（emergy ecological footprint，EEF）将二者相结合，把系统的外部性纳入评价指标体系，能够更全面、更准确地测度资源消耗及环境影响，为区域农业面源污染防治提供科学参考依据。该研究应用EEF方法对山东省桓台县冬小麦-夏玉米高投入高产出模式的可持续性进行了深入评价，研究结果表明：与1996年相比，2012年系统能值总投入减少了3.15%，而系统的能值产出容量（emergy output capacity，EOC）却增加了6.23%，系统效率显著提高。与1996年相比，2012年该系统的EEF从40.93 hm2减小为39.60 hm2，减少了3.25%，EEF分别是能值生态承载力（emergy carrying capacity，ECC）的16.44倍和15.78倍，生态赤字分别为38.44 hm2和37.09 hm2，减少了3.51%；从系统可持续性看，资源负载指数（resource load index，RLI）减少4.01%，环境负载指数（environmental load index，ELI）减少27.90%，系统外部性降低了8.05个百分点，系统可持续发展指数（sustainability index，SI）增长了9.64%。总体上看，与1996年相比，2012年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统的生态赤字呈下降趋势，系统的可持续性有所提高，农业面源污染防治初见成效，但资源消耗仍然保持较高水平，粮食生产的环境压力依然严峻，农业面源污染防治工作需要进一步加强。
생태족적（ecological footprint，EF）화능치분석（emergy analysis，EA）시평개구역혹계통가지속성적중요방법，능치생태족적（emergy ecological footprint，EEF）장이자상결합，파계통적외부성납입평개지표체계，능구경전면、경준학지측도자원소모급배경영향，위구역농업면원오염방치제공과학삼고의거。해연구응용EEF방법대산동성환태현동소맥-하옥미고투입고산출모식적가지속성진행료심입평개，연구결과표명：여1996년상비，2012년계통능치총투입감소료3.15%，이계통적능치산출용량（emergy output capacity，EOC）각증가료6.23%，계통효솔현저제고。여1996년상비，2012년해계통적EEF종40.93 hm2감소위39.60 hm2，감소료3.25%，EEF분별시능치생태승재력（emergy carrying capacity，ECC）적16.44배화15.78배，생태적자분별위38.44 hm2화37.09 hm2，감소료3.51%；종계통가지속성간，자원부재지수（resource load index，RLI）감소4.01%，배경부재지수（environmental load index，ELI）감소27.90%，계통외부성강저료8.05개백분점，계통가지속발전지수（sustainability index，SI）증장료9.64%。총체상간，여1996년상비，2012년동소맥-하옥미륜작농전생태계통적생태적자정하강추세，계통적가지속성유소제고，농업면원오염방치초견성효，단자원소모잉연보지교고수평，양식생산적배경압력의연엄준，농업면원오염방치공작수요진일보가강。
Ecological footprint (EF) and emergy analysis (EA) are two important methods in evaluating regional or system sustainability. The EF is a quantitative tool that uses material and energy flows to estimate the biophysical ‘load’ imposed by human populations or industrial processes on ecosystems around the world. It is a useful indicator of sustainable development that showed the size of the biologically productive area necessary for resourcing the current consumption patterns when using common technologies. Emergy Analysis (EA) is an ecological accounting method used to comprehensively account all the inputs involving energies, natural resources consumption, and financial payments for humans by using similar units (sej). EA has been proven as an effective tool to evaluate the resource flows, support both the natural system and the economic system, and also provide a useful method for measuring the sustainability of systems. Emergy Ecological Footprint (EEF), which is a combination of these two methods, is considered to be able to measure resource consumption and environmental impact more comprehensively. Using the EEF method in this paper, we evaluated the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system, which is a typical cropping system in Huantai County located in Northern China, to try to reveal the control effect of agricultural non-point source pollution in the past decade. The results showed that compared to 1996, the total emergy input decreased by 3.15% in 2012. Phosphorus fertilizer, electricity energy for water pollution treatment, and nitrogen fertilizer are the top three contributors. The emergy of phosphorus fertilizer increased while the emergy of the other two decreased. But the emergy output capacity (EOC) increased by 6.23% due to the improvement in system efficiency. The EEF ranged from 40.94 to 39.59 hm2, which decreased by 3.30%. Meanwhile, the Resource Footprint (RF) increased 2.29 hm2, whereas the Environment Footprint (EnF) decreased 3.63 hm2. The emergy carrying capacity (ECC) had little change, ranging from 2.49 to 2.51 hm2a. The value of the EEF is 16.42 times the value of the ECC in 1996 and 15.76 times the value of the ECC in 2012, and ecological deficit reached up to 38.45 hm2 and 37.08 hm2, respectively, and declined when reduced by 3.56%. From the perspective of system sustainability, the results showed that the Resource Load Index (RLI) decreased by 4.02%, Environmental Load Index (ELI) reduced by 27.90%, System Externality (SE) reduced by 8.06%, but the Sustainability Index (SI) increased by 9.64%, suggesting that the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Huantai County consumed less energy, while the environmental impact caused by external input was weakened, and the sustainability level was improved. These results indicate that the non-point source pollution in Huantai County has been controlled significantly in the past decade. Overall, compared to 1996, the ecological deficit of the winter wheat-summer maize system decreased in 2012 while the sustainability and efficiency of the local farmland ecosystem increased. However, the amount of resources consumption and the environmental pressure of grain production still keep high levels, which mean the control of non-point source pollution in Huantai County needs to keep going ahead in the future. EEF provided us a new way to measure ecological sustainability, and it compensated several drawbacks of EF. Nevertheless, the EEF demonstrated the ecological carrying capacity entirely from a new perspective, and the meaning of ECC has been changed. In EEF, the ECC could only be decided by local natural conditions and failed to reflect the contribution of scientific and technological progress or productivity improvement. In order to make up for it, we designed the indicators of RLI, ELI, and SI, which integrated ecological footprint, productivity, and ecological carrying capacity for a better interpretation of the system sustainability. Agricultural production highly depends on natural conditions, so EEF might be more suitable for research in the field of agriculture systems than EF.