农业工程学报
農業工程學報
농업공정학보
2014年
15期
165-173
,共9页
余坤%冯浩%王增丽%丁奠元
餘坤%馮浩%王增麗%丁奠元
여곤%풍호%왕증려%정전원
土壤%结构%秸秆%粉碎%氨化%土壤体积质量%团聚体%产量
土壤%結構%秸稈%粉碎%氨化%土壤體積質量%糰聚體%產量
토양%결구%갈간%분쇄%안화%토양체적질량%단취체%산량
soils%structure%straw%powder%ammoniation%soil bulk density%aggregate%yield
为探索一种能够充分发挥秸秆改良土壤结构和提高作物产量作用的秸秆还田措施，通过2a小区试验，对比研究了粉碎、氨化秸秆以及与无机土壤改良剂（硫酸钙）混合施用措施对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明，粉碎并氨化秸秆施入土壤后，能显著（P<0.05）降低耕层（0～15 cm）土壤的体积质量，增加土壤孔隙度，但对耕层以下（>15～30 cm）土壤体积质量及孔隙度改善效果不明显；氨化秸秆施入土壤后较未氨化秸秆能显著（P<0.05）增加0～15 cm土壤中>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量，粉碎并氨化秸秆能显著（P<0.05）降低土壤团聚体分形维数，提高0～15 cm土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径各项评价指标。此外，穗粒数、1 m2有效穗数、千粒质量和地上部总干质量与籽粒产量的相关系数分别为0.30（P>0.05）、0.76（P<0.01）、-0.89（P<0.01）和0.88（P<0.01），提高冬小麦有效穗数或地上部总干质量可能是增加作物产量的主要途径。粉碎并氨化秸秆还田较秸秆覆盖能显著（P<0.05）提高冬小麦有效穗数；粉碎并氨化秸秆与无机土壤改良剂（硫酸钙）混合施用措施提高冬小麦产量效果最为显著，在冬小麦2个生长季较长秸秆覆盖还田分别增产11.12%和17.85%，较长秸秆翻压还田分别增产7.39%和16.59%，是该试验最佳秸秆还田方式。该研究成果可为干旱、半干旱地区改良秸秆还田措施、提高作物产量提供理论依据。
為探索一種能夠充分髮揮秸稈改良土壤結構和提高作物產量作用的秸稈還田措施，通過2a小區試驗，對比研究瞭粉碎、氨化秸稈以及與無機土壤改良劑（硫痠鈣）混閤施用措施對農田土壤結構及鼕小麥產量的影響。結果錶明，粉碎併氨化秸稈施入土壤後，能顯著（P<0.05）降低耕層（0～15 cm）土壤的體積質量，增加土壤孔隙度，但對耕層以下（>15～30 cm）土壤體積質量及孔隙度改善效果不明顯；氨化秸稈施入土壤後較未氨化秸稈能顯著（P<0.05）增加0～15 cm土壤中>0.25 mm土壤糰聚體含量，粉碎併氨化秸稈能顯著（P<0.05）降低土壤糰聚體分形維數，提高0～15 cm土壤平均重量直徑和幾何平均直徑各項評價指標。此外，穗粒數、1 m2有效穗數、韆粒質量和地上部總榦質量與籽粒產量的相關繫數分彆為0.30（P>0.05）、0.76（P<0.01）、-0.89（P<0.01）和0.88（P<0.01），提高鼕小麥有效穗數或地上部總榦質量可能是增加作物產量的主要途徑。粉碎併氨化秸稈還田較秸稈覆蓋能顯著（P<0.05）提高鼕小麥有效穗數；粉碎併氨化秸稈與無機土壤改良劑（硫痠鈣）混閤施用措施提高鼕小麥產量效果最為顯著，在鼕小麥2箇生長季較長秸稈覆蓋還田分彆增產11.12%和17.85%，較長秸稈翻壓還田分彆增產7.39%和16.59%，是該試驗最佳秸稈還田方式。該研究成果可為榦旱、半榦旱地區改良秸稈還田措施、提高作物產量提供理論依據。
위탐색일충능구충분발휘갈간개량토양결구화제고작물산량작용적갈간환전조시，통과2a소구시험，대비연구료분쇄、안화갈간이급여무궤토양개량제（류산개）혼합시용조시대농전토양결구급동소맥산량적영향。결과표명，분쇄병안화갈간시입토양후，능현저（P<0.05）강저경층（0～15 cm）토양적체적질량，증가토양공극도，단대경층이하（>15～30 cm）토양체적질량급공극도개선효과불명현；안화갈간시입토양후교미안화갈간능현저（P<0.05）증가0～15 cm토양중>0.25 mm토양단취체함량，분쇄병안화갈간능현저（P<0.05）강저토양단취체분형유수，제고0～15 cm토양평균중량직경화궤하평균직경각항평개지표。차외，수립수、1 m2유효수수、천립질량화지상부총간질량여자립산량적상관계수분별위0.30（P>0.05）、0.76（P<0.01）、-0.89（P<0.01）화0.88（P<0.01），제고동소맥유효수수혹지상부총간질량가능시증가작물산량적주요도경。분쇄병안화갈간환전교갈간복개능현저（P<0.05）제고동소맥유효수수；분쇄병안화갈간여무궤토양개량제（류산개）혼합시용조시제고동소맥산량효과최위현저，재동소맥2개생장계교장갈간복개환전분별증산11.12%화17.85%，교장갈간번압환전분별증산7.39%화16.59%，시해시험최가갈간환전방식。해연구성과가위간한、반간한지구개량갈간환전조시、제고작물산량제공이론의거。
As an important organic resource, straw returning into soil is a most economic and feasible method to improve soil structure and crop yield. Many problems occur in the utilization of straw resources, such as the slow decomposition of straw and the competition of nitrogen between straw and crop when the straw is applied into soil, thereby negatively affecting the crop yield. These problems can be affected by straw-incorporation methods, and an appropriate method may result in few problems. Therefore, this study aimed to select an efficient straw incorporation method to improve soil structure and increase crop yield in semi-arid region of Shaanxi China. To achieve this goal, a 2-year field experiment was carried out in the year of 2011-2013. Summer maize straw was used. Two control treatments included long straw returning by covering soil (CK1), long straw plowed into soil (CK2). Four straw treatments were long-ammoniated straw plowed into soil (CN), powdered-ammoniated straw plowed into soil (FN), long-ammoniated straw mixed with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate) plowed into soil (CNT) and powdered-ammoniated straw mixed with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate) plowed into soil (FNT). The soil bulk density, total porosity, water stable aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and fractional dimension of soil aggregates were determined before experiment in 2010. Winter wheat was planted after straw returning. After harvesting winter wheat and measuring its yield, we collected soil samples at the depth of 0-30 cm and determined the soil structure-related indicators as above. The results showed that compared with CK1 and CK2, the treatment FN in the plough layer (0-15 cm) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the soil bulk density by 6.30%and 7.03%, respectively, and significantly (P<0.05) increased soil porosity by 5.07%and 6.40%, respectively. The treatment of powdered-ammoniated straw had no significant effect on the soil bulk density and porosity at the>15-30 cm. In 0-15 cm soil layer, the application of powdered-ammoniated straw (P<0.05) increased the content of soil aggregates (>0.25 mm), significantly (P<0.05) decreased soil fractal dimension, and improved MWD and GMD, improving the stability of soil structure. The correlation coefficient between grain yield and grain number, efficient panicle, 1000-grain weight, and above-ground biomass was 0.30 (P>0.05), 0.76 (P<0.01), -0.89 (P<0.01) and 0.88 (P<0.01), respectively. It indicated that the increase of its efficient panicle or aboveground biomass may primarily contribute to the increase in the yield of winter wheat. Among all the treatments, the treatment FNT had the most significant effect on increasing the yield of winter wheat. Its yield was increased by 11.12% (2011-2012) and 17.85% (2012-2013) compared with the CK1, and by 7.39%(2011-2012) and 16.59%(2012-2013) compared with the FN. Therefore, the treatment FNT was the best straw-incorporation method in this study. The results above could provide valuable information for selecting efficient straw-incorporation method to improve soil structure and crop yield in semi-arid regions of China.
