CAJ | 학술논문

《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》是调查样点真实而表观的反映。之所以说它是真实的，因为它是从大约630万km2实际调查面积中所取土壤样品分析结果所获得的结论；继之说它是表观的，因为它对于数据形成的原因缺乏必要的深度分析，因而对土壤环境质量现状的描述需要客观而理性的对待。文章第一部分就有关标准、耕地超标判别的关键因素、高背景值土壤样点问题、污染或超标点位的溯源性分析等进行了讨论，提出了下列见解：（1）需要明确评价标准。就耕地土壤重金属而言，其标准受到多种因素的影响，故当在公报中表明质量状况时，应该说明评估的标准，它应该与土壤和农作物类型密切相关。（2）需要给出对应土壤样点农产品中有关元素的含量。农产品可食部分重金属含量是判断土壤重金属影响的关键指标，缺乏相关数据则无法判断土壤是否污染。（3）高背景值土壤不应列为污染土壤。根据土壤污染的定义，它不具有污染的特征要素。在一些地区因母质和自然成土过程所形成的高背景值，通常归属于环境异常；在利用方面应属于“土宜学”范畴。（4）污染或超标点位的原因应该慎重甄别。从物料平衡的角度考虑，区域性Cd增量要达到50%或者40%的可能性需要进一步考虑。文章的第二部分讨论了采用负载容量管理法对土壤环境质量管控的优势和可行性。从正常土壤考虑，有利于从单一标准过渡到双标准管理，从而兼顾土壤自然环境质量的可持续性和土壤资源的可持续利用；从污染土壤考虑，有利于修复标准的确定；从污染源影响的赔偿考虑，根据外源物质所消耗的容量值，可量化有偿利用和恢复容量的经济评估；从责任主体考虑，有利于责任主体的认定和保护措施的落实；从方法的简便性和可操作性考虑，简单易行。《全國土壤汙染狀況調查公報》是調查樣點真實而錶觀的反映。之所以說它是真實的，因為它是從大約630萬km2實際調查麵積中所取土壤樣品分析結果所穫得的結論；繼之說它是錶觀的，因為它對于數據形成的原因缺乏必要的深度分析，因而對土壤環境質量現狀的描述需要客觀而理性的對待。文章第一部分就有關標準、耕地超標判彆的關鍵因素、高揹景值土壤樣點問題、汙染或超標點位的溯源性分析等進行瞭討論，提齣瞭下列見解：（1）需要明確評價標準。就耕地土壤重金屬而言，其標準受到多種因素的影響，故噹在公報中錶明質量狀況時，應該說明評估的標準，它應該與土壤和農作物類型密切相關。（2）需要給齣對應土壤樣點農產品中有關元素的含量。農產品可食部分重金屬含量是判斷土壤重金屬影響的關鍵指標，缺乏相關數據則無法判斷土壤是否汙染。（3）高揹景值土壤不應列為汙染土壤。根據土壤汙染的定義，它不具有汙染的特徵要素。在一些地區因母質和自然成土過程所形成的高揹景值，通常歸屬于環境異常；在利用方麵應屬于“土宜學”範疇。（4）汙染或超標點位的原因應該慎重甄彆。從物料平衡的角度攷慮，區域性Cd增量要達到50%或者40%的可能性需要進一步攷慮。文章的第二部分討論瞭採用負載容量管理法對土壤環境質量管控的優勢和可行性。從正常土壤攷慮，有利于從單一標準過渡到雙標準管理，從而兼顧土壤自然環境質量的可持續性和土壤資源的可持續利用；從汙染土壤攷慮，有利于脩複標準的確定；從汙染源影響的賠償攷慮，根據外源物質所消耗的容量值，可量化有償利用和恢複容量的經濟評估；從責任主體攷慮，有利于責任主體的認定和保護措施的落實；從方法的簡便性和可操作性攷慮，簡單易行。
《전국토양오염상황조사공보》시조사양점진실이표관적반영。지소이설타시진실적，인위타시종대약630만km2실제조사면적중소취토양양품분석결과소획득적결론；계지설타시표관적，인위타대우수거형성적원인결핍필요적심도분석，인이대토양배경질량현상적묘술수요객관이이성적대대。문장제일부분취유관표준、경지초표판별적관건인소、고배경치토양양점문제、오염혹초표점위적소원성분석등진행료토론，제출료하렬견해：（1）수요명학평개표준。취경지토양중금속이언，기표준수도다충인소적영향，고당재공보중표명질량상황시，응해설명평고적표준，타응해여토양화농작물류형밀절상관。（2）수요급출대응토양양점농산품중유관원소적함량。농산품가식부분중금속함량시판단토양중금속영향적관건지표，결핍상관수거칙무법판단토양시부오염。（3）고배경치토양불응렬위오염토양。근거토양오염적정의，타불구유오염적특정요소。재일사지구인모질화자연성토과정소형성적고배경치，통상귀속우배경이상；재이용방면응속우“토의학”범주。（4）오염혹초표점위적원인응해신중견별。종물료평형적각도고필，구역성Cd증량요체도50%혹자40%적가능성수요진일보고필。문장적제이부분토론료채용부재용량관리법대토양배경질량관공적우세화가행성。종정상토양고필，유리우종단일표준과도도쌍표준관리，종이겸고토양자연배경질량적가지속성화토양자원적가지속이용；종오염토양고필，유리우수복표준적학정；종오염원영향적배상고필，근거외원물질소소모적용량치，가양화유상이용화회복용량적경제평고；종책임주체고필，유리우책임주체적인정화보호조시적락실；종방법적간편성화가조작성고필，간단역행。
The Report on the national general survey of soil contamination was a reflection of the reality and appearance of the survey′s sam-ples and methodologies conducted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources. Since the soil sam-ples were collected from the de facto survey area about 6.3 million km2, the conclusion drawn from the analytical results of such large sample size was fairly representative of the current status of China′s soil;while there was an apparent lack of necessary in-depth analysis of the for-mation of data. Thus an objective and rational viewpoint on the description of the status quo of the soil environment quality is needed. In the first part of this article, we discussed the standards, the key factor to identify whether the heavy metal levels in farmland exceed the national standards, the problems about soil samples collected from high background areas and the traceability analysis of contaminants where the lev-els of contaminants exceed the standards. Based on our discussion, the following opinions were put forward:(1)The evaluation standards need to be clarified, as in terms of heavy metals in the cultivated land, the choice of standards is affected by many factors, which is closely re-lated to the type of soil and crops.(2)The corresponding content of heavy metal in agricultural products where the soil samples were collected need to be evaluated, since the heavy metal content in the edible part of the agricultural products is the key indicator to determine the impact of heavy metals in the soil. Lacking the corresponding data, it cannot determine whether the soil is contaminated or not.(3)Soils with high background levels of heavy metals should not be classified as the contaminated soil. According to the definition of soil contamination, such area does not have the characteristic feature of contamination, as the high background values of heavy metals in the area come from the natu-ral parent materials or the soil formation processes. It should be generally attributed to the environmental exceptions, and in the term of soil u-tilization, it should belong to the category of"science of soil adaptability".(4)The sources of soil pollution where the standards were exceed-ed should be carefully screened. When the Cd content in soil increased 40%or 50%, the possible Cd input from external sources should be considered from the viewpoint of material balance. The loading capacity of soil for contaminants was suggested to be adopted as guideline principle in the management of soil environmen-tal quality, and its advantage and feasibility was discussed in the second part of the article. For the consideration of general soil management, it is advantageous to transit from a single standard to composite standards, which takes into account the sustainability of natural soil quality and sustainable utilization of soil resources. Regarding the contaminated soil, the incorporation of the concept of loading capacity will be ben-eficial for determining the remediation criteria. In the economic assessment of the pollution compensation, the compensated utilization and the restoring capacity could be quantified according to the capacity consumed by exogenous substances. It will also help to assess the liability and implement the protection measures in identifying the legal responsibility subject of soil pollution. The procedure of calculating the loading ca-pacity of soil for contaminants is practical and feasible, and thus it is recommended to be incorporated in the future management of soil envi-ronmental quality.