晋阳学刊
晉暘學刊
진양학간
ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF JINYANG
2014年
4期
83-89
,共7页
美国少年司法%前科记录%犯罪记录%前科记录封存%标签理论
美國少年司法%前科記錄%犯罪記錄%前科記錄封存%標籤理論
미국소년사법%전과기록%범죄기록%전과기록봉존%표첨이론
American juvenile justice%Juvenile record%Criminal record%Record sealing%Labeling theory
自少年法院创设伊始，美国少年司法长期秉承保密性原则而对未成年人前科记录予以封存，以避免给未成年人带来污名化后果。然而，随着各州未成年人前科记录封存呈松动趋势，部分原先严格保密并限制公布于众的前科记录，除了可向执法及司法部门开放外，亦可在一定条件下向被害人、学校及媒体开放。与此同时，依移送法律而从少年法院移送至刑事（成人）法院的未成年人，其先前少年法院记录亦可作为后者加重刑罚的考量因素之一。
自少年法院創設伊始，美國少年司法長期秉承保密性原則而對未成年人前科記錄予以封存，以避免給未成年人帶來汙名化後果。然而，隨著各州未成年人前科記錄封存呈鬆動趨勢，部分原先嚴格保密併限製公佈于衆的前科記錄，除瞭可嚮執法及司法部門開放外，亦可在一定條件下嚮被害人、學校及媒體開放。與此同時，依移送法律而從少年法院移送至刑事（成人）法院的未成年人，其先前少年法院記錄亦可作為後者加重刑罰的攷量因素之一。
자소년법원창설이시，미국소년사법장기병승보밀성원칙이대미성년인전과기록여이봉존，이피면급미성년인대래오명화후과。연이，수착각주미성년인전과기록봉존정송동추세，부분원선엄격보밀병한제공포우음적전과기록，제료가향집법급사법부문개방외，역가재일정조건하향피해인、학교급매체개방。여차동시，의이송법률이종소년법원이송지형사（성인）법원적미성년인，기선전소년법원기록역가작위후자가중형벌적고량인소지일。
Since the creation of the juvenile court, American juvenile justice has long adhered to the principle of confidentiality and therefore keeps juvenile records sealed in order to avoid stigmatization of the minors. However, the principle that was strictly followed has become loose in many states. Some of the juvenile records that were previously kept strictly confidential and restricted to the public, have gradually opened to the victims, schools and the media, in addition to opening to law enforcement and judiciary. Meanwhile, if a juvenile offender is transferred to the criminal (adult) court, his or her previous juvenile court record may also serve as an aggravating factor for sentencing in the criminal court.
