CAJ | 학술논문

1994年5月《中华人民共和国国家赔偿法》颁布，标志以宪法规定为依据，以《国家赔偿法》为核心，以其他法律、法规相关规定为辅助的中国国家赔偿法律制度正式确立。2010年针对实施中的问题对《国家赔偿法》进行了大幅修改。修改后的《国家赔偿法》取消了1994年《国家赔偿法》单独前置的确认程序，将司法赔偿的确认权与决定权合为一体，一并交由法院赔偿委员会处理；引进诉讼理论的举证责任倒置原则和民事侵权赔偿的精神损害赔偿；明确支付赔偿金的具体时限；增加赔偿决定的质证和监督程序。将中国国家赔偿法律制度向前推进一步，为丰富和发展二战后蓬勃兴起的世界国家赔偿法律制度做出了贡献。但与此同时，也留下不少遗憾，对程序合法、结果错误的刑事拘留仅在超期羁押时才予以赔偿的限定即为一例。自修改后的2010年《国家赔偿法》施行以来，预计的国家赔偿案件大幅上升的现象未曾出现，个中缘由亦值得思考。建议立法上将刑事赔偿改为司法赔偿、被动赔偿改为主动赔偿，并严格限定刑拘不陪范围、增加惩罚性赔偿、增加落实追偿规定、直接领取赔偿费用。条件合适时，将目前设立在审判机关的国家赔偿机构和人员成建制划归中央、省、市三级人民代表大会内务司法委员会。
1994년5월《중화인민공화국국가배상법》반포，표지이헌법규정위의거，이《국가배상법》위핵심，이기타법률、법규상관규정위보조적중국국가배상법률제도정식학립。2010년침대실시중적문제대《국가배상법》진행료대폭수개。수개후적《국가배상법》취소료1994년《국가배상법》단독전치적학인정서，장사법배상적학인권여결정권합위일체，일병교유법원배상위원회처리；인진소송이론적거증책임도치원칙화민사침권배상적정신손해배상；명학지부배상금적구체시한；증가배상결정적질증화감독정서。장중국국가배상법률제도향전추진일보，위봉부화발전이전후봉발흥기적세계국가배상법률제도주출료공헌。단여차동시，야류하불소유감，대정서합법、결과착오적형사구류부재초기기압시재여이배상적한정즉위일례。자수개후적2010년《국가배상법》시행이래，예계적국가배상안건대폭상승적현상미증출현，개중연유역치득사고。건의입법상장형사배상개위사법배상、피동배상개위주동배상，병엄격한정형구불배범위、증가징벌성배상、증가락실추상규정、직접령취배상비용。조건합괄시，장목전설립재심판궤관적국가배상궤구화인원성건제화귀중앙、성、시삼급인민대표대회내무사법위원회。
In the May of 1994,People's Republic of China on State Compensation Law promulgated, which marks the Constitution as the basis,the"State Compensation Law"as the core,other laws and regula-tions relevant provisions of the Chinese state compensation for legal aid system was formally established.In 2010 for the implementation of the question on the"State Compensation Law"has been substantially revised. The revised"State Compensation Law"canceled the separate pre-confirmation process in the"State Com-pensation Law"promulgated in 1994.It confirms the decision of the judicial power and compensation as one, be referred to the Compensation Commission Court;introduces the burden of proof inversion principles in the litigation theory and spirit of the civil tort damages;specifies the time-bound to pay compensation;increases in cross-examination and supervision procedures for compensation decisions.It pushes the Chinese state compensation law system one step further,and makes a contribution to enrich and develop the World State Compensation Legal System booming after the World War II.But at the same time,it also left a lot of regret. As for legal procedures,the results of the error compensation under criminal detention shall be limited only when the extended detention is one example.Since the implementation of the revised"State Compensation Law"of 2010,the expected phenomenon of significant increase in state compensation cases never occurs.The reason for this is also worth considering.We propose legislation will change criminal compensation to j udicial compensation,passive compensation to active compensation,strictly limit the scope for detention without compensation,increase in punitive compensation,increased recourse to implement the provisions,and directly receive compensation costs.When conditions are right,we recommend that to classify the state compensation agencies with staff currently set up in the judicial departments organically into the House Judiciary Committee of the central,provincial and municipal People's Congress.